UNIT 1

I. Memorize the following words:

accounting- бухгалтерский учет

to manage-руководить, управлять

account records-бухгалтерские документы

merchant – купец,торговец

merchandise-товары

to keep track of –следить за

double-entry bookkeeping-система бухгалтерского учета по методу двойной записи, двойная бухгалтерия

cost-цена, стоимость; затраты

income tax-подоходный налог

accountability- учет; отчетность

compliance with standards- соответствие стандартам

II. Translate the following words and word combinations:

in order to, scholar, description, to increase, growth, stockholder, manager, to claim

III. Read and translate the text: history of accounting Part 1

Accounting has been called 'the language of business'. Perhaps a better term is the 'language of financial decisions'. The better you understand the language, the better you can manage the financial aspects of living.

Accounting has a long history. Some scholars claim that writing arose in order to record accounting information. Account records date back to the ancient civilizations of China, Babylonia, Greece, and Egypt. The rulers of these civilizations used accounting to keep track of the cost of labour and materials used in building structures like the great pyramids.

Accounting developed further as a result of the information needs of merchants in the city-states of Italy during the 1400s. In that commercial climate the monk Luca Pacioli, a mathematician and friend of Leonardo da Vinci, published the first known description of double-entry bookkeeping in 1494.

The double-entry accounting system — in which for every 'debet dare' there is a 'debet habere' - has evolved to the point where it is very much like the present day system. Debet dare and debet habere are Latin terms meaning 'should give' and 'should have' respectively.

The pace of accounting development increased during the Industrial Revolution as the economies of developed countries began to mass-produce goods. Until that time, merchandise had been priced based on managers' hunches about cost, but increased competition required merchants to adopt more sophisticated accounting systems.

In the nineteenth century, the growth of corporations, especially those in the railroad and steel industries, spurred the development of accounting. Corporation owners—the stockholders—were no longer necessarily the managers of their business. Managers had to create accounting systems to report to the owners how well their businesses were doing.

The role of government has led to still more accounting developments. When the federal government started the income tax, accounting supplied the concept of 'income'. Also, government at all levels has assumed expanded roles in health, education, labour, and economic planning. To ensure that the information that it uses to make decisions is reliable, the government has required strict accountability and compliance with standards in the business community.

IV. Find the English equivalents for the following words and word combinations in the text:

современная система, более сложный (усовершенствованный), производить товары в большом количестве, конкуренция, требовать (нуждаться), принимать, сталелитейное производство, железная дорога, предоставлять отчет владельцам, надежный (достоверный)