C. Postgraduate courses.

When you complete your first degree, you are a graduate. In the US, students also use this word as a verb and say, they 'graduated in history' or 'graduated in chemistry', for example. Some students then go on to do a second course or degree (postgraduate course / postgraduate degree). These students are then postgraduates. There are usually three possible degrees:

MA (Master of Arts) or MSc (Master of Science); usually one year

MPhil (Master of Philosophy); usually two years

PhD (Doctor of Philosophy); at least three years

When people study one subject in great detail often to find new information, we say they are conducting / doing / carrying out research into¹/on².

¹to carry out a research into means to study the subject in details

²to carry out a research on means to study the subject in general

e.g. I'm doing some research on chemistry.

My group mate is carrying out a research into bacterial fermentation.

D. School vs. University.

At school, you have teachers and lessons, at university, you have lecturers and lectures. When a lecturer gives/does a lecture, the students listen and take/make notes, that is write down the important information, but do not usually say much, except to ask occasional questions.

Task 2. Read these sentences spoken by university students. What is each person studying?

1. We have to know every bone in a person's body.

2. I'm concentrating on the modernist style and the work of Le Corbusier and Frank Lloyd Wright.

3. The way we use fertilizers is much more precise than twenty years ago.

4. We're going to concentrate on Freud and Jung this term.

5. I've been reading some books on time management.

6. Expressionism was really a reaction to the work of the Impressionists.

7. We 've spent a lot of time on American foreign policy and how it has been affected by various domestic problems.

8. You must know this case - it's one of the most famous in legal history.

Task 3. What do you call:

1. the money some students receive if they get a place at university?

2. the qualification you get at the end of university?

3. the name we give students during this period at university?

4. teachers at university?

5. students when they have completed their first degree?

6. students studying for a second degree?

7. the study of one subject in great depth and detail, often to get new information?

8. the talks that students go to while they are at university?

Task 4. Replace the underlined verbs with different verbs that have the same meaning in the context.

1. Who is giving the lecture today?

2. Did she receive a grant for her course?

3. Is it more difficult to obtain a place at university?

4. You have to pass the exams before you can enter university.

5. He's studying physics, I think.

6. I think they're carrying out some research into the cause of asthma.

7. I didn't take any notes in the lecture yesterday.

8.The course goes on for three years.

Task 5. How similar is university education in your own country? Answer these questions.

1. Do you need to pass examinations before you can go to university?

2. Do some students get a grant to study at university?

3. Is the tuition free if you go to university?

4. Do most students go to university at the age of 18 or 19?

5. Do more students go to university in your country than in Britain?

6. Do most degree courses last three years?

7. What is your equivalent of the British BA or BSc?

8. Do you have similar postgraduate degrees in your country?

Task 6. Look at the different types of educational establishments below. Match

them to the sort of person who might attend them:

Educational establishments	Type of person
A primary school for infants and juniors A nursery school A further education college offering evening classes A university A public school	a) A five-year-old and a nine-year-old b)A thirty-six-year old office worker who wants to get better at computer skills c) A twenty-year-old who wants to be a doctor d) A fifteen-year-old whose parents want to pay for his/her education e) A three-year-old

Task 7. Match the words from the right with their definitions from the left.

a. study really hard b. get a degree c. a one-to-one talk d. government money to help you pay for the course e. not go to school, even though you’re not ill

graduate tutorial grant play truant cram

Task 8. Look at the phrases below. Which phrases would you expect to find mentioned in school, which in a university, and which in both? Fill in the table.

play truant take an exam get a grant cram for end-of-term exams graduate with honours in Chemistry have a weekly tutorial do homework attend a lecture

pay attention to give a seminar on take a degree take the register

school	university	both