2. Write a passive sentence.

1. This method does not require additional measures. Additional measures are not required (due to this method).

2. In the earlier days of railway construction, workers often laid a temporary track to transport materials. In the earlier days of railway construction, a temporary track ___.

3. Track machines do all the necessary track maintenance tasks.

4. Rails guide wheels of rolling stock.

5. The sleepers support the rails.

6. Continuous welded rails provide a smoother running of trains.

7. North America and most of Europe use the standard gauge of 4 feet 8 1/2 inches.

3. Write questions using the passive. Then ask and answer the questions with a partner.

1. Ask about rails. (fix) How ___?

2. Ask about rails and sleepers. (lay) What ___?

3. Ask about wooden sleepers . (treat) What ___ with?

4. Ask about ballast. (use) What ___ for?

5. Ask about rail anchors . (fit) Where ___?

WebProject

Work in small groups. Get information to make a short presentation to your class on the aspects of a gauge.

1. The world standard gauge.

2. The standardisation of gauge in North America.

3. A narrow gauge. A wide gauge. Countries with different gauges.

4. The gauge problem.

These sites may help:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_tracks

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_rail_terminology

Checklist

Assess your progress in this unit. Say which statements are true.

1. I can

2. I can

3. My listening and reading are good enough to understand most of each text in this unit.

4. I can use key words to discuss with my classmates.

track путь

permanent way верхнее строение пути

rail рельс

sleeper (UK)/tie (US) шпала

ballast (layer) балласт(ный слой)

fasteners = fastening скрепления

rail anchor противоугон

turnout стрелочный перевод

bridge timber мостовые брусья

crossing sleeper переводные брусья

strong прочный

stable устойчивый

provide обеспечивать

safety безопасность

smooth плавный

running ход

passing train проходящий поезд

fishplate стыковая накладка

length длина rail length рельсовое звкно

depends on зависеть от

traffic density грузонапряженность

axle load нагрузка на ось

bolt соединять, стягивать болтами

cross-section поперечное сечение

grade классифицировать

weight вес

produce производить

branch line ж.д.ветка

siding подъездной путь; запасный путь

yard сортировочная станция

guide направлять

wheel колесо

rolling stock подвижной состав

be subject to подвергаться

stress давление, нагрузка

durable долговечный

reliable надежный

support выдерживать, нести

alloy сплав

continuous welded rail бесстыковой рельс

The basic kinds of fixed bridges are beam, arch, and suspension. Movable bridges are bascule, swing span, vertical lift, floating, and transporter.

__________________________________________________________

A beam bridge, with forces of tension represented by red lines and forces of compression by green lines.

A suspension bridge, with forces of tension represented by red lines and forces of compression by green lines.

An arch bridge, with forces of compression represented by the green line.

A single-span truss bridge, with forces of tension represented by red lines and forces of compression by green lines.

A cantilever bridge, with forces of tension represented by red lines and forces of compression by green lines.