The Manager’s Role
Management demands much knowledge of economics and business. General functions of any managerial system at any managerial level are planning, organizing, directing and controlling.
To manage means to forecast and plan, to organize, to command, to coordinate and to control. In all organizations there are people carrying out the work of a manager. The activities of a manager depend on the level at which he/she is working. Top managers such as the chairman and directors are involved in long range planning, policy making and the relations of the company with the outside world. They are making strategic decisions on the future of the company.
Middle management and supervisors are making the day-to-day decisions which help to run an organization efficiently. According to an American writer, Mr. Peter Drucker, managers perform five basic operations. Firstly, managers set objectives and decide how to achieve them. For this task they need analytical ability. Secondly, managers organize the resources of the company, the work and the people.
Their third task is to motivate and communicate effectively with their superiors, colleagues and subordinates.
The fourth activity is measurement. Managers have to measure the performance of the organization and of its staff.
Finally, managers develop people, including themselves. They help to make people more productive and to grow as human beings.
Managing is a hard job. There is a lot to be done and relatively little time to do it.
Study and learn the following vocabulary on the topic:
1
to demand [
]
–
требовать
2
managerial
[
]
– административный, управленческий
3
to
forecast
[
]
–
прогнозировать, предусматривать
4 to carry out – осуществлять
5 activities – деятельность, действия
6 top manager – руководитель высокого ранга
7
supervisor
[
]
– инспектор, контролер
8 to run – руководить, управлять
9
to
perform
[
]
– исполнять, выполнять
10
superior
[
]
– начальник, старший
11
subordinate
[
]
– подчиненный
12
to
measure
[
]
–
оценивать, измерять
13 to develop – раскрывать, развивать, совершенствовать.
Answer the following questions on the text:
1 What does management mean?
2 What are the main functions of top managers?
3 What do the activities of the manager depend on?
4 What are top managers’ functions? What kind of decisions are they making?
5 What do middle managers do?
6 Haw many basic operations must managers perform according to Mr. Peter Drucker? Call them out.
7 Managing is a hard job, isn’t it? Why do you think so?
UNIT 13
Bookkeepers, Accountants and Controllers
Bookkeepers deal in taxes, cash flow, which include cash receipts and cash disbursements, sales, purchases and different business transactions of the company. Bookkeepers first record all the appropriate figures in the books of original entry, or journals. At the end of a period - usually a month - the totals of each book of original entry are posted into the proper page of the Ledger. The Ledger shows all the expenditures and all the earnings of the company. On the basis of all totals of each account in the Ledger, the bookkeeper prepares a Trial Balance. Trial Balances are usually drawn up every quarter.
The accountant’s responsibility is to analyze and interpret the data in the Ledger and the Trial Balance.
The accountant is to determine the ways in which the business may grow in the future. No expansion or reorganization is planned without the help of the accountant. New products and advertising campaigns are also prepared with the help of the accountant. The work of accountants is rather sophisticated. Many accountants have special certificates after they pass examinations in Institute of Accountants. Certified accountants in Great Britain are called chartered accountants. In the USA the certified accountants are called certified public accountants.
The chief accounting officer of a large company is the Controller. Controllers are responsible for measuring the company’s performance. They interpret the results of the operations, plan and recommend future actions. This position is one of the top executives of the company.
Study and learn the following vocabulary on the topic:
1
bookkeeper
[
]
– бухгалтер
2 accountant – ревизор отчетности, бухгалтер
3
chartered
[
]
accountant; certified
[
]
public accountant (Am.)
– дипломированный бухгалтер,
бухгалтер-эксперт, аудитор
4
controller
[
]
–
контролер, ревизор
5 cash – наличные деньги. Наличный расчет
6
flow
[
]
–
поток денег
7
receipt
[
]–
денежные поступления
8
disbursement
[
]
– выплата денег
9 sale – продажа
10
purchase
[
]
– закупка
11 transaction – сделка
12
appropriate
[
]–
соответствующий
13 book – бухгалтерская книга
14
entry
[
]
–
бухгалтерская запись, проводка
15
journal
[
]
–
бухгалтерский журнал
16 to post – переносить в главную бухгалтерскую книгу
17
ledger
[
]
– главная бухгалтерская книга
18
expenditure
[
],
[
]
– расходы
19 earning – доходы
20
balance
[
]
– баланс бухгалтерский
21
trial
[
]
balance
– пробный баланс
22
responsibility
[
]
– ответственность
23
to
interpret
[
]
–
толковать, интерпретировать
24
data
[
]
– данные
25
to determine [
]
–
определять
26
expansion [
],
[
]–
расширение
27 to advertise [ ] – рекламировать
28
sophisticated [
]
–
сложный
29
accounting [
]
–
бухгалтерский
учет
30
officer
[
]
–
служащий
31 to measure [ ]– оценивать, определять
32
performance
[
]
– деятельность, действие
33executive [ ], [ ] – руководящий работник, руководитель
Answer the following questions on the text:
1 What are the duties of bookkeepers in a company?
2 What is posted into the proper page of the Ledger every month?
3 What does the Ledger show?
4 How often are Trial Balances drawn up?
5 What is the accountant responsible for?
6 How are accountants called in Great Britain?
7 How are accountants called in the USA?
8 What are controllers responsible for?
9 Is the controller one of the chief executives of a company?