Вариант 2

1. Составьте предложения, используя данные слова, и переведите их на русский язык. Начинайте предложения со слова, написанного с заглавной буквы.

1. He, innocence, his, the, proved, Court, Crown, in.

2. adopted, Both, a bill, Parliament, of, Houses.

3. less, Lawyers, to make, mysterious, made, profession, their, efforts.

4. the accused, the innocence, did, The defence, prove, not, of.

5. the jury, Did, verdict, their, give, not, or?

2. Подчеркните глаголы “to be” и “to have”, определите их функцию и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. A contract usually contains many clauses about what kinds of goods are to be supplied; who is to pay for transport; what prices are to be paid.

2. His claim for damages will be invalid.

3. The doctrine of precedent is a central feature of modern Common Law systems.

4. The government is considering various proposals, but there are arguments for and against the division.

5. He has to ground his complaint if he wants to have a compensation.

3. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках, в Present, Past или Future Simple активного залога и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The leader of the majority party in the House of Commons usually (to become) Prime Minister.

2. The jury (to announce) their decision in three hours.

3. The modern political system of Great Britain (to begin) over 200 years ago.

4. The students (to know) the results of the examination next week.

5. As a result of some reforms the government (to regulate) many of law institutions.

4. Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках, в Present, Past или Future Simple пассивного залога и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Victims of violent crimes (to entitle) to compensation as a right in a year.

2. As a rule, the bill of impeachment (to approve) by two-thirds of representatives.

3. A number of measures to strengthen the criminal justice system ( to take) last year.

4. Official statistics of crimes always (to affect) by changes in the proportion of undiscovered or unreported crimes.

5. Nowadays the successful projects (to extend) on the same basis to some other urban areas.

5. Перепишите предложения, выбрав сказуемое в активном или пассивном залоге, и переведите их на русский язык.

1. Common law (also refers / is also referred) to as “case-law” or “judge-made law”.

2. Magistrates’ courts (deal / are dealt) with about 98% of criminal cases in England and Wales.

3. A person convited by a magistrates’ court (may appeal / may be appealed) to the Crown Court.

4. Justice of the Peace (held / was held) a prominent position in his locality.

5. The office of magistrates (dated / was dates) back to the year 1360.

6. Прочитайте текст, переведите устно абзацы 1, 3. Перепишите и письменно переведите абзац 2.

THE CAUSES OF CRIME

1. No one knows why crime occurs. The oldest theory, based on theology and ethics, is that criminals are perverse persons who deliberately commit crimes or who do so at the instigation of the devil or other evil spirits. Although this idea has been discarded by modern criminologists, it persists among uninformed people and provides the rationale for the harsh punishments still meted out to criminals in many parts of the world.

2. Since the 18^th century, various scientific theories have been advanced to explain crime. One of the first efforts to explain crime on scientific, rather than theological, grounds was made at the end of the 18^th century by the German physician and anatomist Franz Joseph Gall, who tried to establish relationships between skull structure and criminal proclivities. This theory, popular during the 19^th century, is now discredited and has been abandoned. A more sophisticated theory — a biological one — was developed late in the 19^th century by the Italian criminologist Cesare Lombroso, who asserted that crimes were committed by persons who are born with certain recognizable hereditary physical traits. Lombroso's theory was disproved early in the 20^th century by the British criminologist Charles Goring. Goring's comparative study of jailed criminals and law-abiding persons established that so-called criminal types, with innate dispositions to crime, do not exist. Recent scientific studies have tended to confirm Goring's findings. Some investigators still hold, however, that specific abnormalities of the brain and of the endocrine system contribute to a person's inclination toward criminal activity.

3. Another approach to an explanation of crime was initiated by the French political philosopher Montesquieu, who attempted to relate criminal behavior to natural, or physical environment. His successors have gathered evidence tending to show that crimes against person, such as homicide, are relatively more numerous in warm climates, whereas crimes against property, such as theft, are more frequent in colder regions. Other studies seem to indicate that the incidence of crime declines in direct ratio to drops in barometric pressure, to increased humidity, and to higher temperature.

7. Ответьте письменно на вопросы к тексту.

1. Why does crime occur?

2. What was developed by the Italian criminologist Cesare Lombroso?

3. Where are crimes against property more frequent?