Concept of state bodies of external relations, their kinds and functions. Participation of a public in diplomatic activity

/. Concept of state bodies of external relations

State bodies of external relations are the central bodies of external relations and foreign bodies of external relations.

The diplomatic dictionary gives more complete definition: "Bodies of external relations is set of state bodies and persons, competent to represent interests of the state and its citizens during the realisation of international communications".

The central bodies of external relations are subdivided into bodies of a political management and bodies of special external communications of the state with other countries. These bodies differ in their functional duties and work on the basis of the Constitution of the country. To such bodies concern, for example, ministry of foreign

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trade, committee of foreign economic relations etc. Number of bodies of special external communications is guided in their activity by normative acts of the state, decrees, and governmental decisions and inside body orders of international departments of the ministry of culture, ministry of public health services, ministry of defense, etc. The departments of external relations of these ministries work under the general management of MFA of the country.

The activity of bodies of special external communications is not diplomatic and is defined by the professional character of this or that body. The activity of the central bodies of external relations has diplomatic character. The high legislative bodies of authority (parliaments), Heads of states, governments, minister of foreign affairs and central staff of the ministry of foreign affairs belong to the central constitutional political bodies and officials of external relations.

The high legislative bodies of authority, elected by the people, determine foreign policy course of the country, solve problems of war and peace, hear reports on external policy activity and take appropriate decisions, ratify international agreements.

In the countries with the monarchic form of power the high state body of external relations is the monarch-king. In constitutional monarchy form his authority is limited by parliament.

The head of a state also is the second central body of external relations. He represents the state in the international relations, carries out a management of international relations and external policy of the given state.

Concrete volume of activity and responsibility of the head of a state in the field of external policy is defined by the constitution.

Minister of foreign affairs is the head of the body of external relations, carries out the relations with other states, represents the state and the government in the work of the General Assembly, the UN security council etc.

Thus, head of a state, head of a government and minister of foreign affairs carry out basic functions in the field of external relations, using all conventional rules and diplomatic privileges.

In many countries of the world international rules of law are included

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i n national laws on a diplomatic service for the realisation foreign policy activity of a state.

2. Central staff of the body of foreign affairs

The body of foreign affairs carries out daily activity of the realisation of external policy of the state.

The ministry of foreign affairs represents daily a government and a state in external relations abroad and also in relations with representations of foreign states in the country.

MFA conducts operative activity on the realisation of external policy of a state, prepares the information for a government on external policy and realises accepted decisions. In a number of countries the body of external relations co-ordinates the activity of various departments, which in their work adjoin to the problems of external activity and render them some help.

The functions of MFA are the management of the activity of diplomatic and consular establishments of the state abroad, representations and delegations in the international organisations, communications with foreign diplomatic representations and consular establishments in the country. MFA prepares the external policy staff, issues official documents on external policy.

The structure of the MFA central staff is under construction depending on the put tasks and character of the activity.

In basically the structure of all foreign policy bodies are identical. The central staff is headed by the minister and his assistants. Further there are divisions, in the majority of countries they are called departments. The departments are subdivided into territorial and functional ones. The territorial departments solve the problems of external relations with certain group of countries. Functional departments are consular, protocol, standard-legal, international organisation and other problems. In their turn departments have internal structure - divisions (sections).

The functions of external policy bodies are focused on analysis and generalisation of information about the situations of different countries of the world, preparation of proposals for their governments concerning the position of the country on those or other

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international problems, development of projects of treaties and agreements etc,

3. Foreign bodies of external relations

The foreign bodies concern by the second group of state bodies of external relations. They, in their turn, are divided into constant and temporary bodies. The embassies and missions, representations at international organisations refer to constant bodies. The temporary bodies are various delegations directed abroad, the observers at international conferences, congresses, international commissions, separate representatives for state anniversaries, crowning etc. If there is no special representative, the ambassador of the country, where passes an event, is authorised to be present at a ceremony.

The constant bodies of external relations depend on the character of the activity, on carried out functional duties of diplomatic bodies (diplomatic representations, i.e. representation of one state in another one, representation in international organisations, changeable or special missions which are carrying out the special assignment or representation functions). These constant bodies carry out political functions and use all rights of diplomatic representations.

The state foreign bodies depending on their functions are subdivided into diplomatic and non-diplomatic bodies.

The representations on various specialised, branch, technical congresses, exhibitions do not carry diplomatic character. They can be both temporary and constant.

4. Non- state bodies of external relations Intergovernmental organisations, nongovernmental organisations,

transnational corporation both other public forces and movements working on global arena concern to non state bodies of external relations. The increase of a role and influence of these organisations in the international relations forces us to consider this issue more attentively. The multilateral co-operation of various states of the world has resulted in appearance of intergovernmental organisations (IGO) in the international arena. These are stable associations based on international treaties, having constant bodies. IGO of political character arose after

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t he First World War (League of nations, the International organisation of labor etc.) and also in a course and after the Second World War, when United Nations Organisation was formed in San Francisco, Simultaneously with development of the specialised bodies of the UN intergovernmental organizations of interregional and regional character directed on widening of co-operation of states in various areas are created: Organization of economic co-operation and development uniting 24 most advanced countries (1960), Council of Europe (1949), Organization of African unity (1963) etc.

There are various types of IGO: universal (UN), interregional (Organization of Islamic conference), regional (Latin American economic system), sub regional (Benelux). There are also other criteria of classification of IGO. AH of them carry conditional character.

Set of international nongovernmental organizations (NGO) appeared last decades. Against IGO non-governmental organizations are, as a rule, no territorial formations, their members are not sovereign states. They have three characteristic features: the international character of a structure, private character of a founder, and voluntary character of an activity. The first international nongovernmental organizations appeared even in the 19 th century (British and International society of struggle against slavery). The process of creation of NGO especially has amplified after formation of the UN. Now they are totaled more than 4000. The founders of NGO are not states, they are various public organizations, institutes, unions, groups, private organizations and separate persons. Non-govemmentai organizations are created with the purposes of assistance to the international co-operation in political, economic, cultural, scientific, technical and other spheres. These organizations are established on the basis of intergovernmental agreements and there are no commercial objectives.

NGO supports communications with international intergovernmental organizations, receiving from them an advisory status. The advisory communications of NGO establish also with regional intergovernmental organizations. NGO render influence on the activity of governmental bodies in the sphere of information, rights, control, and investigation. Legal status of NGO inside the state is defined by the national legislation.

The change in the character of international relations has resulted in

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a ppearance of nongovernmental international organizations -transnational corporations (TNC). They become the independent participants of international relations, carry out operations of global scale, bringing to mutual understanding various national corporations. Largest TNC have huge economic resources, giving them advantage not only before small states but also even before the Great powers. It gives them an opportunity to influence political sphere of all over the world. The international community tries to bring some restrictions in their activity, having subordinated their certain rules. While appreciable results are not present.

In the modern world NGO are totaled more than 7000, having about 30000 branches worldwide in all continents. The activity of NGO promoted the accelerated economic integration in Europe, America and Asia, strengthening of a competition and make modifications in international relations, as the economic interdependence of the states amplifies.

NGO has the certain autonomy in decisions and activity, which can make changes in international relations. This factor began to be taken into account by states in their external policy.

5. Participation of a public in diplomatic activity

By virtue of increased necessity to operate the decisions of urgent problems various public organizations enter direct contacts with their colleagues in other countries for the coordinated actions with them. The religious organizations (for example, Acumen council of churches), Organization of scientists (Pagoush movement), sports (FIFA) etc. and various separatist organizations concern to such organizations. Examples of the participation of a public in diplomatic activity are Associations of twin towns, Council of commune of Europe etc., where regional and local administrations, separate persons are involved. These international organizations are formed outside the frameworks.

In federal states the subjects of a federation establish direct international communications for defending their interests. Sometimes development of such diplomatic activity appears with the consent of appropriate states and within the framework of international law. For example, since 1882 Kvebek (Canada) has its general representative in

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F rance. In some cases there are conflicts between central and local authorities. So, in Russia some subjects of the Federation independently hold their external communications. In this connection the President of the Russian Federation has issued the decree " About the co-coordinating role of the Ministry of foreign affairs in the realisation of the external policy uniform of the Russian Federation ".

Recently, especially after the disintegration of the USSR, there is an intensive establishment of contacts and exchanges between the representatives of states having common interests and needs. Those are the relations between the inhabitants of China and Russia, Kazakhstan and Russia.

From the given brief lecture you can see, what cardinal changes have come in international relations, when not only state bodies of external relations, but also international organizations and other no conventional bodies of external relations act in the international arena. In these conditions the state and the regions become no tight for ideas, capitals, goods, new technologies. The appearance of new international organizations and institutes, transnational companies is connected with delegated part of powers of states.

The activity of state bodies of external relations should be adequately to changes appearing in the world. The leading countries of the world put economic, financial and trade interests at the head of their external policy activity, while there is the process of globalization and reganalisation of economy and trade, and the world becomes the uniform market.

BODIES OF EXTERNAL RELATIONS OF FOREIGN STATES

/. Bodies of external relations of the United States of America Under the constitution of the USA the realisation of the external

policy of" a state is assigned to a President. Main external policy body

of the USA since 1789 is State department. Its head is State secretary.

The state department carries out external policy course, developed by

the President and the US Congress.

The US State secretary is the second person conducting directly

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o perative activity in the field of external relations. He is responsible for development and realisation of the external policy of the USA before the President, officially he is the main external policy adviser, he supervises the activity of the State department and Foreign service, he enters into the structure of the US National security council. Besides the management of external policy body, the State Secretary coordinates the international activity over forty federal departments, caries out the political control of an Agency under the control above arms and disarmament, an Agency of the international development, the US News agency, " Corps of peace " etc.

The State department is the main part of the external policy staff of America. The State secretary has five first assistants. The First assistant of the State secretary conducts the deals of the ministry, the second supervises foreign economic relations, the third - international problems, including the system of American security, the fourth - budget and administrative sphere and the fifth conducts global businesses (international negotiations, under the instruction of the State secretary). In modern State department there are territorial managements. The supervision of the managements are the Assistant of the state Secretary and 4-6 his assistants (assistants of the assistants), who are responsible for separate sites of works. The territorial managements consist of divisions dealing with one country or the group of countries.

The classification of managements by a territorial and functional principle is typical for the bodies of foreign affairs of any state. In the US State department there are 14 functional managements, the creation of which are connected with the development of international relations, the participation in the UN activity and its specialized establishments, the coordination of the activity of international regional organizations. State department takes part in the intelligence and military-political activities. The management of intelligence and research service is engaged in collecting and analysing of information received from the US foreign representations. Consular management, administration managerial control and management of the staff concern to number of functional managements.

The USA occupies the firs! place in the world on number of consular representations. Now the State department has more than 100 consular

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points in the world. The activity of them is directed not only on performance of passport-visa duties, but also realisation of works of political and economic character. Consular points cover the key centers of economic and political life in Europe, Asia, and Southern America.

The administration managerial control consisting of seven divisions, provides uninterrupted work of all parts of the State department staff and its representations abroad.

The management of the staff is engaged in all complex of problems connected with the personnel diplomatic staff. The director of the Management of the staff simultaneously is the General director of a Foreign service.

The main educational center of the State department is the Institute of Foreign Service, The task of institute is to give professional skills to the students at presence of fundamental knowledge. At those faculties of institute the diplomat can study one of disciplines: economic and trade problems, consular practice, theory of the international relations, the technique of international negotiations, besides that it proves the study of languages and problems of the country.

2. Bodies of external relations of the Russian Federation

The central body of external relations is the ministry of foreign affairs (MFA) of the Russian Federation carrying out state management in the field of external relations of Russia with foreign states and international organizations.

The rule "About the ministry of foreign affairs of the Russian Federation " is authorised by the Russian Federation President on March 14,1995. According to the Rule the basic tasks of the ministry of foreign affairs of the Russian Federation are the development of general strategy of external policy of Russia, the realisation of external policy of the Russian Federation.

The basic task of the Russian Federation MFA is the realisation of the external policy course of the country. MFA provides with diplomatic means the protection of sovereignty, security, territorial integrity and other interests of the country on the global arena. The diplomatic efforts of the Russian Federation MFA are directed on maintenance of the international peace, global and regional security. MFA of the Russian

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F ederation carries out the coordination of international communications of the Federation. In the system of executive authority federal bodies MFA is a head body in the field of relations with the foreign states and international organizations. The negotiations of interdepartmental character are coordinated by MFA before the representation to the President or Government in the obligatory order.

The ministry of foreign affairs of the Russian Federation is headed by the minister of foreign affairs, who is appointed to the post and is released by the President of the Russian Federation. The minister has his assistants, who are also nominated and released from their posts by the President of the Russian Federation, In MFA there is the board, structure of which the Minister (chairman), his assistants and other executives of the Ministry system is formed. After the Assistants of the minister there are Directors of departments. The Secretariat of the Minister and the Executive secretariat are allocated in separate departments. In the ministry there are 35 departments and 8 managements in total.

The structure of the external policy body of the Russian Federation essentially does not differ from the structures of other countries. There are territorial and functional departments. 4 departments of the CIS countries are created, the department on communications with the subjects of the Federation, parliament and political organizations is separately allocated. In conducting of other 4 European departments there are problems of the international co-operation with the countries of Europe. Three departments are engaged in the problems of external relations with Asian countries. Territorial departments are the departments of Northern America, Latin American, Near East and Northern Africa, Africa. The departments of All-F.uropean co-operation, international organizations, external policy planning, on security and disarmament, on humanitarian co-operation and human rights, on cultural communications and UNESCO, information and press, economic co-operation, legal department, consular service and state protocol concern to functional departments. In the structure of the Russian Federation MFA there are departments, which do not carry out external relations, but have direct relations to external policy. The departments of history-documentary, translation service, security,

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managements of information, communication, diplomatic-currier communication etc. belong to them. Except the above listed departments and managements of the Russian Federation MFA there is commercial management on service of the diplomatic corps at the Russian ministry. The main educational establishments are the Mo8cow state institute of the international relations and the Diplomatic Academy. The diplomatic Academy carries out functions of the main center of the preparation of average and senior parts of the Russian diplomats.

3. Bodies of external relations of Great Britain

In Great Britain the Queen is the head of a state representing the country in the international relations. In practice the Queen postpones the basic functions to a Government. Parliament of Great Britain -Chamber of the lords and the Chamber of communities has the certain functions in definition of the external policy of the country. It is the discussion and the acceptance of the important international treaties and agreements. Government and its Cabinet have the decisive role in the definition and the realisation of an external policy. Official external policy statements proceed from the Cabinet, though there were prepared by professional diplomats.

Operative body of the Great Britain external relations is the body of foreign affairs - Foreign office, which develops the proposals for the Cabinet and carries out the current diplomatic activity. The main role in the definition of problems of an external policy and the realisation of external policy course is played by the Prime Minister, Minister of foreign affairs and on deals of Commonwealth and professional heads of the diplomatic staff.

Now the structure of the central staff looks as follows. The head of the Ministry of foreign affairs and on deals of Commonwealth (MFAC) is the state secretary of Her majesty on foreign affairs and on deals of Commonwealth, who is named as a Minister of foreign affairs. The Minister is the member of the Parliament and a Cabinet and also he is responsible for the activity of MFAC before the Parliament,

The Minister has seven secretaries, from which four are professional diplomats. The head of the Minister secretariat is the main personal secretary, who is also professional diplomat in the rank of a councilor.

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A fter the Minister there are three state ministers and Assistant of the State secretary on work with Parliament. The constant Assistant of the State secretary of MFAC serves the duty of the head of a diplomatic service. He is responsible for the realisation of the external policy activity of MFAC together with his assistants supervises and coordinates the operative activity of the Foreign office central staff and its representations abroad.

The basic operative work of the Ministry of foreign affairs is conducted in territorial and functional departments. The employees of territorial departments, except the information of embassies, use the messages of the English correspondents, materials from the partners in NATO, EU and Commonwealth, help materials from research organizations and universities,

The employees of functional departments are engaged in urgent problems of modern global policy. The number of the employees of functional departments exceeds the personnel of territorial departments three times. The role of a diplomatic service in assistance to the British external policy consists in the preparation of political information.

In the central diplomatic body there is a Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), engaged by political intelligence. Joining to a diplomatic service is made on the basis of open competition, which is carried out by the selection commission of Civil service with attraction of the responsible employees of Foreign Service. The structure of the selection commission includes the representatives of a professional diplomatic service. High Oxford-Cambridge education and acquaintance with diplomatic work under the direction of skilled diplomats is the traditional method of preparation of the diplomatic staff in Great Britain.

4. Bodies of external relations of France and Japan

The bodies of external relations of other countries of the world have much in common with the structures described above. In brief we'll stop on bodies of external relations of France and Japan.

The president of France is main person in the field of external relations. The daily operative activity on the realisation of external policy is assigned to Ministry of foreign affairs.

Minister of foreign affairs is the head of the body and supervises the

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a ctivity of the central staff and representations abroad. He supports constant communications with the Secretary General of the President of the country, with parliament, with the cabinet of a Prime Minister and secretariats of other ministries. Simultaneously in external policy service there are a Minister - delegate on the European businesses with his cabinet and Minister - delegate in co-operation and francophone.

After the Minister in the structure of MFA there is a State secretary on foreign affairs being the second political chief. He conducts all operative - current work of the ministry to whom the chiefs of managements and other divisions are subordinated.

As against the external policy body structure of other countries, simultaneously with territorial and functional departments, in the structure the France MFA there is a department- " the French house ". This department is headed by the director, who is engaged in problems of the French citizens abroad and foreigners in France.

In Japan the realisation of daily external policy activity is carried out by the ministry of foreign affairs of the country.

The Ministry is headed by the Minister, then there are the First deputy minister, Parliamentary deputy minister, two Assistants of the first deputy minister, Chief of the secretariat of the Minister, directors of departments, heads of managements and sections. In the structure there are in total 63 departments, from which - 20 territorial and 2 managements (cultural exchanges and consulate-emigration). The distinctive feature of the activity of MFA of Japan is the realisation of the control over the international relations of western countries with the Japanese public organizations. It is the purpose of Ministry on expansion of its influence on wide range of the population. It is necessary to stop at one feature of the diplomatic service activity of Japan. MFA of Japan encourages the diplomatic dynasties for steady development of the diplomatic service. Now it is possible to meet the employees of MFA of Japan being the representatives of the third or fourth generations of diplomats.

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B ODIES OF EXTERNAL RELATIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN. THE CENTRAL STAFF OF MFA

OF THE REPUBLIC

/. Bodies of external relations of the Republic of Kazakhstan

The official activity of the President, the Head of the Government, and the Ministry of foreign affairs, diplomatic representations abroad, and delegations at international conferences are the means of realisation of external policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

The Head of the state daily supervises over its all-external communications, represents the country in the international relations, and supports contacts with the heads of other states on external policy. The major interstate treaties, external policy acts and applications are signed by the Head of the state.

The Head of the Government also can represent the state in the international arena.

"The uniform system of a diplomatic service is formed by the Departments of Ministry of foreign affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan, diplomatic representations and consular establishments of RK abroad, representations of RK at the international organizations, representations of the Ministry in the territory of the Republic, Department on service of the Diplomatic corps, subordinated organizations created for maintenance of the activity of the Ministry, Diplomatic Academy and other educational establishments, which are under the supervision of the Ministry of foreign affairs " according to the law "About a diplomatic service" (clause 3),

2. Central staff of the Ministry of foreign affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan

The Ministry of foreign affairs of Kazakhstan is the central executive body, it carries out external policy activity and leads the uniform system of a diplomatic service of the Republic. The MFA activity is carried out according to the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan, laws and international treaties of the Republic of Kazakhstan, acts of the President and the Government and other normative certificates.

The basic MFA functions are the representation of the Republic of

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Kazakhstan in the relations with the foreign states and international organizations and signing the international agreements, the realisation of the Kazakhstan efforts by diplomatic methods on maintenance of the international peace, global and regional security, raise the role of the Republic of Kazakhstan as member of the international community in the decision of global and regional problems, the realisation of other functions, stipulated by the legislation of the Republic.

The central staff of the Ministry of foreign affairs is constructed under the standard structure of the majority countries. The ministry of foreign affairs is headed by the Minister of foreign affairs. He has personal responsibility for performance of tasks assigned to MFA.

The Minister supervises over the work of MFA and its establishments abroad, gives proposals to the President about the assignment, calling bach and the prolongation of terms of a stay in the rank of the Ambassadors and Permanent representatives at international organizations, also carries out other functions.

In the central staff there is a consultative body- the board of MFA RK. The board examines the most important problems of MFA activity and accepts the appropriate decisions. One of their basic functions of the board is the development of ways of the realization of external policy course of the Republic. The board affirms the staff of diplomatic posts above than Councilor and also examines the proposals of the resignation of the persons, having the diplomatic ranks of the Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Ambassador and the Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Envoy of the First and the Second classes. The decisions of the board are accepted by the majority of its member's votes in the form of a resolution and are realized by the order of the Minister.

MFA RK passes the structural reorganisation of the staff of during all period of existence of the external policy body. In connection with expansion of the international relations, the increase of the volume of external policy tasks facing before Kazakhstan, carries out the reorganization of the Central staff with allocation of leading and functional divisions.

At the initial period of external policy activity, the basic efforts were directed to the standard-legal registration of political, trade-economic,

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f inancial, military, scientific and technical and humanitarian documents of co-operation with foreign countries. The Central staff of MFA RK, created in a short term. The bases of the structural constructions of external policy bodies of the leading countries of the world were fixed for this. It allowed ensuring the preparation of the first official visits of the President of Kazakhstan, management of the Government; it was so necessary for recognition of our country by world community and adjustment of its international communications. During these visits the bases of the interstate relations were established, the various agreements and treaties were signed. These international treaties on friendship, cooperation and mutual help made in the first years of independence, allowed Kazakhstan to enter world community and determined the priority directions of long-term co-operation of the Republic with other countries.

The structure of MFA of that period looked as follows. MFA was headed by the Minister, further on a service ladder the First assistant and two Assistants of the Minister went. Structure of the Ministry included territorial and functional divisions becoming subsequently managements. The territorial departments (America and Europe, Asia, Near and Middle East, CIS), hold by all spectrum of problems of the bilateral relations with the various foreign countries. Among functional divisions- the divisions of standard-legal, international and international-economic relations organizations occupied an outstanding place. Al the head of all those divisions were responsible employees, who were once invited from the staff of the Russian Federation MFA (Moscow).

The structure of the central staff of MFA RK was reorganised in 1994. In the new structure the post of the First deputy minister was abolished, the status of the Ambassadors under the special assignments was created, the managements of CIS, Baltic countries, the UN, international security control on arms and management of political analysis and planning were organized.

The following structural reorganisation refers to 1996, when the new management of international organizations and international economic relations, management of cultural relations, humanitarian co­operation and on UNESCO, translation group, management of regional co-operation, the Caspian problems and power resources were created.

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After the acceptance of the Law " About a diplomatic service ^a there was a necessity for the acceptance of a new rule 'About the Ministry of foreign affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan " 0nl2.11.1997, which should promote increase of an efficiency of the activity of MFA RK.

The structure of MFA RK looks according to this rule as follows: department of an administration and a control, department of a consular service, department on the maintenance of central staff activity and representations of MFA, the first department, where management of the UN and international economic co-operation, management of the international security enter. Management of the Countries of independent states (CIS), management of multilateral co-operation in CIS belongs to the second department. The third department is subdivided into management of Europe and America and management of the state protocol. The Fourth department consists of managements of Asia, the Middle East and Africa, treaty-legal.

Now structure of the Central staff can be submitted thus: the Minister and his secretariat, the First vice-minister, four Vice-Ministers, Ambassadors under the special assignments, Advisers of the minister, service of the State protocol.

The service of the RK state protocol adjusts procedural rules, according to the international norms, the realization of official internal and international measures, The protocol service is the political tool, as the ambassadors and other foreign representatives establish the fust contacts with a host country through this service. The employees of the protocol service are a link between foreign embassies and the Minister of foreign affairs of RK, and also in the relations of an embassy with official bodies and public organizations of a host country. The protocol service organizes the appropriate ceremonies in connection with arriva) of the Heads of foreign states, governments, ministers of foreign affairs, officials of special governmental organizations in the country.

During the work of the central staff some changes to the accepted structure were brought in. Instead of the Second department the Committee on CIS is created. Management of bilateral relations with divisions of Russia, European CIS countries, Central Asian and Tran Caucasian countries; Management of multilateral relations with

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d ivisions of CIS and Custom union, countries of the Central-Asian economic union and regional programs enter into the Committee.

The department of bilateral relations is created to a territorial attribute and consists of two managements of the countries of Europe and America, Asia, the Middle East and Africa, The management of the countries of Europe and America consists of divisions of the countries Central and East Europe, Western Europe, America. The management of the countries of Asia, the Middle East and Africa includes departments of East Asia, Southern and Southeast Asia, the Middle East, countries of Magrip, Africa. Their basic function consists in collecting and analysing of information, development of the proposals for leaders of MFA on bilateral relations of Kazakhstan with this or that country, study of regional problems.

The Department of the international economic relations consists of managements of the economic projects both investments and management of the international economic organizations. The managements are subdivided into divisions of the economic projects, investments, international economic and financial organizations and regional trade-economic relations. The strengthening of the international positions of Kazakhstan at the present stage required a combination of political and economic methods in the realization of the international policy. The activity of the Department is directed to an adjustment and strengthening of relations with the international financial institutions (the World Bank, EBRD, ADB, and IDB), countries - donors (the USA. Germany, France, Japan) for the attraction of investments in the economy of the Republic under governmental guarantees, participation in the economic program, use political and economic potential of OIC and ECO for the realization of interests of the Republic in transport and trade-economic spheres.

The Department of multilateral relations includes two managements: management of the international organizations and international security. The managements are subdivided into divisions of the UN, specialized international organizations, OSCE and international structures of security, Asian security. The Department provides the participation of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the activity of the UN and its specialized establishments, in the international organizations

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a nd conferences. The employees of this functional Department are engaged in urgent problems of modern international policy. Multilateral relations in the frameworks of the UN and specialized establishments, international financial institutions and other organizations strengthen Kazakhstan authority and promote integration in global economic system. The efforts of Kazakhstan diplomats are directed to strengthening of relations with authoritative international organizations for acquaintance of world community with economic, social and ecological problems, which decision depends on the assistance of country donors. Kazakhstan diplomats actively work in the international structures of security - OSCE, strengthening the Asian security, to convene the Conference on Interaction and Measures of Trusteeship in Asia (CIMTA).

The Treaty-legal Department consists of four divisions of the international agreements, control of performance of state procedures, state borders and transit border problems, legal examination. The diplomats of the Treaty-legal department generate the base of treaty-legal relations with all countries, having the diplomatic relations with RK, Besides, the large work on demarcation and redemorcation of the Kazakhstan border with the neighboring states is conducted.

Except for the listed divisions other departments, such as currency-financial, information, monitoring and department on work with diplomatic corps also enter in the structure of MFA RK.

Department on work with diplomatic representi.iions is engaged in the economic service of the diplomatic corps, accredited in Kazakhstan, assisting in household problems. The management gives a premise for the ambassadors' residence and office accommodations, conducts construction and repair of buildings of Embassies, selects attendants (interpreters, cooks, drivers), and helps to foreign diplomats in their trips over Kazakhstan.

In the structure of MFA RK there are divisions conducting office-work, diplomatic and closed communications, administrative divisions. These divisions are the important parts in the operative activities of central staff, embassies and missions abroad.

The structure MFA RK includes Diplomatic Academy, where the diplomats of a younger and average level pass study. Besides, the courses

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o f improvement of qualification of the Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Ambassadors of RK are formed.

The structure of the staff of MFA RK answers the international standards and corresponds to the external policy carried out by the Republic of Kazakhstan. Ten year activity of external policy body saved a certain experience in the realization of interstate official contacts, interstate relations, interaction of the Central staff with representations abroad, close interaction of MFA with other ministries and bodies of RK in external economic and other communications with the foreign states.

DIPLOMATIC REPRESENTATION, ITS TASKS, FUNCTIONS AND PERSONNEL

h Basic kinds of foreign bodies of external relations

The bodies of external relations are subdivided into constant diplomatic representations - embassy and mission at the heads of foreign states and governments headed by the ambassadors and the envoys; consulates, trade and cultural representations and missions. Last can be part of diplomatic representations or independent bodies with special functions. The constant representations concern also bodies of external relations at international organizations and establishments; the temporary representatives or delegations for participation in bilateral and multilateral negotiations at conferences, congresses or solemn ceremonies.

There are various international nongovernmental organizations. Many of them support communications with international governmental organizations, including the UN, where they can have the advisory status. An example, such organizations are the World Federation of Trade Unions, Interparliamentary Union. World Federation of Veterans of War etc.

Among foreign bodies of external relations the important role is played by embassies and missions, accredited at the heads of states. They are the direct representatives of the states and governments, which are carrying out direct communications with the heads of the states, and governments in a host country.

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2 . Diplomatic representation, its tasks, functions and personnel

The constant diplomatic representations are embassies and missions established by the state with the consent of other state. The embassy has the high rank among diplomatic representations. According to the history of a diplomatic service, on the basis of the decisions of the Vienna congress in 1815 embassies were created extremely in the states - great powers.

The opening of an embassy is considered as a high level of diplomatic representation and high level of the diplomatic relations with this country.

The Vienna convention has absorbed in it all rational, that contained in the similar documents regulating relations between states and also rules and customs ratified in interstate interaction of centuries-old diplomatic practice. The Vienna convention determines conditions of accrediting of the head of a diplomatic representative (inquiry for agreme'nt), the power of a diplomatic representative (letter of credence), the classes of diplomatic representatives and introduction into a post (delivery of credentials, visits of courtesy). The rules of the Vienna convention adjust the status of diplomatic, administrative - technical and serving personals, and also contents of the individual home workers who are not employees of a diplomatic representation. The privileges and immunities, which diplomatic representations, their heads and employees use, are adjusted both by bilateral agreements and rules of the Vienna convention.

The Vienna convention adjusts the accrediting order of a military attache' at diplomatic representations. The military attache' represents the military state body and carries out contacts with the appropriate departments of a host country. The military attache' uses all diplomatic privileges at the level of the diplomatic structure of embassies. Besides the standard norms of the diplomatic protocol, the military attache' is guided by legal norms according to belonging to a sort of armies, and also charters and instructions.

The rules of the Vienna convention carries universal character that lay in the basis of the development of similar documents regulating other forms of interstate relations.

The basic task of embassies and missions is the representation of

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the given state in a host country in all problems. The diplomatic representation is the basic channel, on which the contacts of two countries are established. As a rule, the government of various countries addresses to other government, where its representation, through the representation is accredited. The contacts and negotiation with department of foreign businesses of the given state are carried out also through diplomatic representation in the given country. The embassies and missions are connected with MFA of a host country and with diplomatic corps.

Other important task is to study internal situation in a host country. Diplomatic representations should think over what can be useful for its country, for realization of its policy tasks. It concerns to the development of economic, cultural relations between the states, strengthening and development of political relations,

The diplomatic representation is obliged to protect rights and interests of the citizens and legal bodies of its state, acting in their protection before state bodies, judicial and other establishments of a host country- In some extreme situations it is necessary to act even before the government of a host country with the purpose of ensuring rights and interests of its citizens and legal bodies. The activity of foreign diplomatic representation and its employees in the host country should proceed from the recognition both respect of the laws and customs of the given country, its state and public system. Indispensable there is an observance of a principle of international law - non­interference into internal affairs of the state, in which the given representation is.

Consular establishments or consulates except for embassies and missions refer to foreign representations of the states. The consular functions consist in protection of interests of the state both its physical and legal bodies: establishments, organizations and enterprises acting as the subject of the right, and also other functions, according to agreements and rules, working between the two countries. Besides they are engaged in registration of passports, visas and other documents both for citizens of its country and for citizens of a host country. Consulates are usually open in those countries, where there is great quantity of citizens of the appropriate country or there are constant

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c ommunications with this state. Usually consulates open in seaports and places, where the trade relations are conducted.

The body of foreign affairs carries out the management and the control of the activity of consular establishments. The consular establishments are subdivided into Consulate-General, Consulate, Vice-Consulate, and Consular agency. There are consular posts: Consul-General, Consul, Vice-consul, and Consular agent. The consular posts can be replaced by the persons having diplomatic ranks. The persons having ranks of Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Ambassadors are usually nominated to high diplomatic posts - Consul-General. Consul-General, Consul, Vice-consul and Consular agent can be the head of consular establishments of the rank, appropriate to them. The Consul and Vice-consul can enter into the staff of Consulate-General and Vice-consul - in the staff of Consulate as the members of their personnel.

On assignment of the head of consular establishment the consent of an accepting state is required. To the head of consular establishment the consular patent certifying his powers is given. The patent should be signed by one - the Head of a state, Head of a Government or Minister of foreign affairs depending on the local legislation.

After the representation of a consular patent to the state body of the country of assignment the consular exequatur is granted to the head of

tu

If there are no consular relations between the states by an exchange of consulates, the consular activity is carried out only by diplomatic representations. These functions are carried out by consular division in diplomatic representations. It is not required consular division manager to receive a consular patent and consular exequatur, as he works in the structure of a diplomatic representation.

The consular activity is regulated by the Vienna convention on the consular relations, 1963.

In the international practice alongside with concept of the regular consul there is a concept of non-regular or honorable consul. The non-regular consul does not consist in a state service and does not receive the state salary. The non-regular consul carries out elementary consular functions: rendering assistance to the citizens of accrediting state in the decision of certain problems, assistance in the service of sea and air

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s hips of this state and necessary help to their crews. Non-regular consul can be nominated both citizen of a directing state and citizen of a host country.

The consular establishments have the right of an establishment of a consular board and usage of the state flag, which can be lifted above the building of a Consulate and on means of movement (vehicles). The consular board represents an emblem of the accrediting state. It is placed on a building of the Consulate and on the entrance door. The state flag raises above consular establishment the same as and above diplomatic representation.

The consular relations can be stopped under the initiative of one of the parties. The break of diplomatic relations does not course the termination of consular relations. The state of a stay can require a recall of the head of a consular establishment. Such actions refer to as " the withdrawal of an exequatur ". If the head of a consular establishment leaves the post in connection whh the end of the term of his activity or he is recalled by the government, his patent and exequatur lose their force. New head of a consular establishment receives new patent and new exequatur.

If in the given state some consular establishments are accredited, set of the heads of these establishments make the consular corps. By analogy to the diplomatic corps the consular corps has a doyen.

The consulates cannot represent the state in political area and ail diplomatic plan.

By new in diplomacy of last time alongside with constant embassies and missions the appearance of special representatives - ambassadors under the special assignments for negotiations on behalf of the Heads of a state, a government and recently on behalf of Minister of foreign affairs. Tasks of the ambassadors under the special assignments differ from others. The ambassadors under the special assignments carries out narrow certain outlined aims. The ambassadors under the special assignments were usually devoted man to the Head of a state and figures well known in the country.

Besides the ambassadors under the special assignments in mutual consent of two states the special missions with the special assignments are directed. The special mission is temporary representation. The

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special missions were widely used by the USSR, England and the USA. For example, special missions of the USA existed during events in Yugoslavia. The functions of the special mission are defined in the mutual consent of two states.

The UN has accepted the Convention on special missions in 1969. The convention determines the mission as having representative and temporary character sent by one state into another with the consent of the last for consideration of certain problems or for performance of a certain task in this state. Its legal character as diplomatic representation, which is carrying out a certain task, allows directing a mission to other state irrespective of, whether the diplomatic or consular relations are supported or not with it. Even the break of diplomatic relations not necessarily means the termination of the activity of a special mission. The convention provides an opportunity to direct the general mission to two or several states with the consent of accepting states. The convention defines diplomatic immunity of the head of a special mission and its members.

The special missions can carry out its functions in relation to the object of their activity in the territory of the third countries with their consent and the observance of all conditions of arrangements with them.

The missions stop its activities at the end of the task or by the demand of the country, concerning which such activities were carried out.

The group of the ambassadors under the special assignments exists in external policy body of many countries of the world.

In modern diplomacy the international organizations are one of the forms of interstate interaction. They are created on the basis of multilateral treaties and according to the international law these organizations differ:

• on character of problems, with which they are engaged (for example, problems of maintenance of peace and security, economic problems, public health services, science, culture and others);

• On structure of the participants; they can universal (be like Organization of United Nations, which members is the majority of world states), regional, as Organization of African Unity and .sub regional type like League of Arab States;

• on volume of powers and to other attributes.

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T he status of these organizations is defined by their authorized rules. The state members nominate their representatives or observers at these organizations. Functions of these representations are regulated by "the Convention on representation of the states and their relations with the international organizations of universal character". According to the Convention the immunities and privileges are given to the constant representatives both observers similar to diplomatic ones. As an example, it is possible to represent Representations at the UN. The UN member states accredit their constant representations at this Organization. For accreditation of its head - Constant representative -it is not necessary to request an agreme'nt. He entrusts the powers to the UN Secretary General. The powers of the Constant representative at the UN can proceed from the Head of a state, the Head of a Government or Minister of foreign affairs.

The Constant representative with the delegation of his state takes part at the sessions of the UN General Assembly. In case that his state is the member of the Security council, the Constant representative participates at sessions of the Council, watches observance of the UN Charter, uses information, acting in the UN, informs his Government on major events in the world able to result to infringement of peace and security, brings his proposals under the instructions of the government to avoid these threats.

DIPLOMATIC REPRESENTATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

The realization of external policy tasks of the Republic of Kazakhstan besides the Central staff is assigned to foreign bodies of external relations - embassy and mission. The embassy of the Republic of Kazakhstan is a state body of external relations, high diplomatic representation in a host country.

The diplomatic representations of Kazakhstan are directed by rules of the Vienna convention on the diplomatic relations, 1961, the Vienna convention on the consular relations, 1963, the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan, decrees of the President, rules *' About the Embassy of the Republic of Kazakhstan " and " About the basic duties

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a nd rights of the Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Ambassador of the Republic of Kazakhstan ", law " About the diplomatic service of the Republic of Kazakhstan " and other documents.

The embassy is established by the decision of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The embassy is headed by the Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Ambassador nominated by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan on presentation of the Minister of foreign affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

According to the rule " About the Embassy of the Republic of Kazakhstan " to his basic functions concern:

- Representation of the Republic of Kazakhstan in a host country;

• Protection in a host country interests of the Republic of Kazakhstan, its organizations, representatives, legal bodies and citizens in limits admitted by international law;

• Negotiating and maintenance of official contacts with state bodies of a host country;

- Study by all lawful means internal policy situation, activity of a state, governmental and other bodies of authority, tendencies of political, economic and social developments in a host country, its external policy, informing on all about to the President, the Ministry of foreign affairs of Kazakhstan;

- Assistance to development of friendly and mutually advantageous relations between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the host country in the field of economy, culture, science and other spheres;

During the absence of the Ambassador his function in a host country the Temporary Charge d'affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the given country carries out. If there are other heads of official representations in the country, they are obliged to follow the directions of the Ambassador and to assist in realization of the mission, assigned to him in every possible way.

The embassy coordinates of the activity of all official representations and establishments of the Republic of Kazakhstan in a host country. It has the right to require official representations of the RK establishments in a host country on regular and complete informing and coordination of their activity, which mention political, economic and other interests of RK in the given state. In its activity the embassy render assistance to

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o fficial delegations and representatives of RK, sent on business in a host country in performance of their mission. In case of necessity the embassy can give its opinion and conclusions to interested bodies on the results of the work of official delegations.

In the duty of the embassy the legal protection and care of security of all kinds of the RK property in a host country enter. The embassy organizes with the help of authorities of a host country protection of the service and inhabited premises, security of the personnel and members of their families.

Also, as in embassies of various countries of the world, according to the international-rules of law, the personnel of our embassy is subdivided into diplomatic, administrative - technical and serving ones. The persons occupying in the embassy posts of the councilor - envoy, councilor, first, second, third secretary, attache' and in equal to them posts of Consul - General, Consul, Vice-consul, trade representative or advisers, their assistants concern to the members of the diplomatic personnel. Administrative - technical and attendants are the persons, in duties of whose the organizational-technical service enters. The employment of the attendants of the embassy the citizens of RK, constantly living in a host country, and also foreigners are supposed.

The structure of the embassy is determined by MFA RK. In the embassy the sections (groups) can function: political, trade-economic, consul-legal, press and information, humanitarian and cultural relations, chancellery, economic service. The functions of the work of divisions and official duties of employs are determined by an Ambassador. At disposal of embassies there are channels of open and closed communications of MFA RK.

In all embassies it is possible to find a consular division. The Head of a consular division has small rights in the given country in comparison with the rights of Consul - General, Consul and Vice-consul, who are the heads of independent consular representations. He does not receive consular patent from the state, exequatur from the body of foreign affairs of the country of an assignment. The manager of a consular division works only on behalf of the embassy, carrying out those or other consular functions within the limits of the embassy activity. In its activity the consular division is guided by the norms of international law. the

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c onsular charter and other acts of RK, instructions endorsers of the ambassador, and also norms of the local legislation.

The employees of the RK embassies are obliged to participate actively in the realization of tasks, assigned to the embassy, to carry out the duties at a high professional level, to follow instructions and orders of the embassy management. The employees and members of their families are always obliged, in all validly concerning, to adhere strictly laws, rules and traditions of a host country.

The employees of embassies carry personal responsibility for their activity and can be involved in the responsibility established with the RK legislation.

State protocol official emblems or boards with the image of the RK State Emblem and inscription of indicating accessory to the Republic of Kazakhstan are established on service buildings of the RK embassy and the residences of the Ambassador according to rules of the protocol of a host country and the Republic of Kazakhstan.

The order of use of the state flag and state attributes of RK by the embassy is regulated by the rule "About a state flag" and the MFA special instruction.

The ambassador has the right on behalf of the supreme bodies of state authority of RK to negotiate and to sign the agreements on bilateral co-operation with the state of a stay, to participate in international and regional forums and to sign their final documents.

The determined principles of the Kazakhstan diplomats should be guided by:

1. The diplomats should, by means of accessible to them, protect the sovereignty, security, territorial integrity and indestructibility of the Republic of Kazakhstan borders.

2. The diplomats should steadily assert strategic interests of their country in mutual relations with other states and international institutes.

3. The diplomats should be devoted to the native Land, to the people and show loyalty to the Head of a state.

4. The diplomats should have all necessary knowledge in the field of international law, global policy and economy, it is good to know foreign languages.

5. The diplomats should as much as possible promote distribution

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of the objective information about the Republic of Kazakhstan abroad, promote strengthening of international positions of the country.

Now the Republics of Kazakhstan is the member of international-financial organizations and international organizations. The general number of the Kazakhstan embassies, missions, consulate generals, consulates and consular items makes 40 names. The introduction of Kazakhstan into various international organizations is caused by two reasons. First is to acquaint world community with economic, social, ecological problems of the country. Secondly is reception advisory, technical and financial assistance from various donor organizations.

Above stated rules should stay on the basis of the activity of diplomatic representations. The diplomatic representations are important tool of strengthening of the intemational positions of Kazakhstan, as regional power, and also attraction of financial assets in the country, A combination of methods of traditional diplomacy with the new approaches to economic strategy of the state is the task of diplomatic representations of the Republic of Kazakhstan at present.

Maintenance of all parties of the activity of dipiomatic representation needs internal organization of its work, appropriate arrangement inside an embassy and certain measures outside of an embassy.

Paramount task of each embassy is to study and to collect infonnation on political, economic situations, urgent events in the country, both duly check and processing of the infonnation. The appearance of new difficult problems in the field of economy, arms, human rights, ecology-increased communications between the states puts new requirements and diplomatic infonnation.

The study should go in three directions: economy, internal policy, and external policy. It is necessary to study seriously economy and tendencies of economic development. The special attention is deserved by crisis phenomena in economy, role of financial capital and international corporations, their analysis and prospects.

The internal policy, socio-economic measures of a government, struggle of political parties, situation in parliaments, positions of mass organizations - trade-union organizations, intellectuals, students of high schools, conditions in army, stability of government establishments,

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influence of internal policy on external one all these require attentive study.

The third direction - external policy, its basic directions, mutual relations of the given country with neighbor, with the leading countries of the world, participation in regional and sub regional organizations. As the events in the world vary quickly and quite often considerably, the duly information of diplomatic representation allows to undertake the appropriate steps by its state.

The work in embassy should be organized so that each diplomatic employee can have base for collecting information, The modern requirement to diplomats - the information should be under construction not on one - two, but also on numerous and various authentic sources. This base can be press of the given country. Press is constant source for collecting information. In embassies the group of diplomats well knowing language of a host country closely watches press. However it is not necessary blindly to rely on mass media, and information should be checked up by all possible means. With this purpose the diplomats adjust communications with the correspondents of local newspapers, outstanding journalists, editors of magazines etc. These communications allow receiving the additional necessary information. The personal supervision, personal dialogue enables to specify received information that it could reflect the real situation of subjects.

Other source of reception of the information for diplomats is the establishment of direct contacts with political parties (ruling and opposition), members of a government, state figures, deputies of a parliament, chiefs of big campaigns, intellectuals. The information received from circles "of real authority", business circles, financial structures is especially valuable. These circles use the large influence in a government and know conditions well and even create them. They are well informed, are influential m the society and are free in dialogue. These contacts can give information for understanding of the basic tendencies of political development in the country. The contacts to opposition parties always remain difficult problems. If in the advanced democratic states meeting with representatives of opposition parties consider as usual contact, in some countries it is not only welcomed, but also it is forbidden. Without contacts

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w ith opposition the analysis of ruling policy situation in the country will be unilateral, it is possible also incorrect. Here diplomats should adhere to the rule - to listen, but not to interfere, to do conclusions, but to work themselves. The senior diplomat - counselor or first secretary, usually heads such group in an embassy.

The reception of visitors in an embassy can also serve as a source of collecting information, if political figures, deputies of a parliament, journalists attend diplomatic representation. The conversation with such figures allows exchanging opinions on a number of problems, to explain matters, interesting for interlocutor and to receive necessary information.

Last years to the information received as a result of personal contacts, the electronic means of accumulation of information have increased. The valuable information on the system of a diplomatic service, characteristics of political and diplomatic figures enable to make a databank on political, economic, social problems.

In conclusion we'll stop at information-propaganda work of diplomatic representations. Along with collecting and processing of information for the center, diplomatic.representations carry out information work in a host country. The purpose of it is distribution of truthful information about the country, explanation external policy of a government and its undertaken external policy action. Information-propaganda activity are rather various: conversations during meetings, statement to a public, distribution of printed editions, official bulletins of an embassy, receptions with participation of a public of a host country, press-conference and briefings for local and foreign correspondents, accredited in the country, speech of the Ambassador before a various audiences, viewing of domestic documentary and feature films with the invitation of outstanding actors, producers of a host country, organization of international exhibitions etc.

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L EGAL STATUS OF DIPLOMATIC REPRESENTATIONS

1. Immunities and privileges of diplomatic representation and its employees

The international-legal status of diplomatic representations and their personnel are adjusted by norms of international law named diplomatic law. The basic sources of modern international law are international treaties and international customs.

The establishment of diplomatic relations between states results an exchange of diplomatic representations. According to international law the establishment of the diplomatic relations can be on one of three levels. At the highest level - the embassy, at the head of which stands the diplomatic representative having the class of an ambassador. Mission, headed by an envoy, and mission, headed by charge d'affairs, further follow.

The employees of a diplomatic representation use the certain immunities (withdrawals from the jurisdiction of the state of a stay) and privileges, which usually are not given to foreigners. In complete volume immunities and the privileges are given to the members of diplomatic personnel and the members of their families. These privileges are diplomatic in exact meaning of this word.

In the Vienna convention, 1961 diplomatic immunities and privileges are divided into immunities both privileges of diplomatic representation and immunities and privileges of the members of diplomatic personnel and their families.

The members of diplomatic personnel and members of their families have such diplomatic immunities and privileges: inviolability of personal dwelling, complete immunity from criminal jurisdiction of the state of i stay, and also from civil and administrative jurisdictions concerning the executive functions, fiscal immunity, customs privileges and protocol privileges.

The administrative personnel uses immunity concerning actions accomplished by them on duty, they are released from taxes and duties on earnings. If the employee of an administrative department is the citizen of a host country, he is deprived of any immunities and privileges.

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T he diplomatic personnel have the right to move freely in the territory of the state of a stay, in view of rules of the closed zones.

Diplomatic representations and its employees according to the Vienna convention have two basic duties concerning the state of a stay The diplomatic representation can use the premises only for the purposes of official relations with the state of a stay through the body of foreign affairs and other departments.

The duties of the employees of diplomatic representation are to respect the laws and decisions of the state of a stay and not to interfere in internal affairs. The diplomat has no right to be engaged in professional and consular activities.

For more tnan third of century from the time of acceptance of the Vienna convention about the diplomatic relations there were essential changes in the world. The quantity of diplomatic representations and their personnel have increased in >he world, and the system of quota has received distribution. As the personnel of experts, who are not being diplomats, have appeared. At diplomatic representation there are special bodies, which are not having direct attitudes to the diplomatic activity. Therefore at regulation of the international-law status of diplomatic representations two tendencies are observed: by one, directed on expansion of immunities and privileges, and another one, directed on their restriction.

The aspiration to stable and reliable maintenance of normal functioning of diplomatic representations is looked through in modern diplomatic practice. It is written that " the state-participants confirm the obligation to carry out rules concerning diplomatic missions of other states - participants contained in the appropriate multilateral conventions, and to facilitate normal functioning of these missions " in the final document of the Madrid meeting of the representatives of the states - participants of Meeting on security and co-operation in Europe, 1983.

On the other hand, leading western countries Great Britain, Austria, Belgium, Italy, Germany, the USA, France, Canada last years conduct the policy on restriction of diplomatic immunities and privileges by application of norms of administrative law. One of the reavSons of attempts of restriction of diplomatic immunities and privileges is internal

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p olicy reason to be protected from abusing by immunities and privileges on the part of foreign diplomatic representations. For example, in the USA in a cut with the Vienna convention the administrative responsibility of diplomats for the infringement of rules of road movement have entered. The tendency to reduction of volume of immunities sometimes is mortified by necessity of struggle with growing amount of terrorist acts, to which diplomatic representations sometimes have their attitudes. The restriction of volume of immunities is connected and to economic reasons. For example, in 1987 Great Britain has accepted the law, by which the number of buildings of diplomatic representations was limited, to which the immunities and privileges are distributed. The doctrine of the limited immunity of states has resulted that court considers the claims of private concerns to diplomatic representations, the arrests of embassies accounts in the bank are imposed. The supporters of the approach of restrictive immunity explain their actions by requirement of prevention and suppression of various abusing by diplomatic immunities and privileges.

Strengthening of world global order, increase of the role of international law in the international relations, the change of arrangement of forces in the international arena, probably, will again result in amplification of the tendency directed on preservation, probably, and increase of volume of diplomatic immunities and privileges.

2. Diplomatic right of special missions

The special missions of diplomatic character can be various in its level. Head of a state leading special mission, also Head of a government, minister of foreign affairs and other persons of a high rank use privileges and immunities in the accepting state or in the third state, which are admitted by international law according to the Convention on special missions, 1969.

Practically, the Convention leaves the regulation of international relations, arising with travel of the specified persons in the structure of special missions, behind the international customs. The concrete definition of the appropriate problems, especially in the protocol plan, is carried out by the coordination between the interested parties.

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I t is possible to ascertain that the specified persons have complete immunity not only from criminal but also from civil and administrative jurisdictions.

The customs privileges, by practice, are given them in complete volume, though till now disputable problem is on that it is made on the basis of the international custom or courtesy.

In a case, when in structure of diplomatic mission there are no persons of a high rank, the status of these missions is similar to the status of previous ones.

In the Convention some restrictions of immunities and privileges of special missions are fixed. For example, in an item 25 providing inviolability of premises, the introduction into these premises of the representatives of local authorities is supposed in case of a fire or other act of a nature without the consent of the head of a mission.

Item 31 of the Convention, devoted to immunities from jurisdiction of a host country of the members of the diplomatic personnel of special mission, establishes that the claims about collecting the losses caused as a result of accident made by vehicles used outside their official functions can be presented to the specified persons.

3. Diplomatic right of the international organizations

The international organizations should use the certain privileges and immunities for high-grade functioning. The representatives of the states - members of these organizations and its officials should also use the privileges. These rules are reflected in items 104,105 of the UN Charter.

The development of these rules the UN General Assembly had accepted in 1946 the Convention on the privileges and immunities of the United Nations, where the representatives of the states - members in the main and auxiliary bodies of the UN (delegates, their assistants, advisers, experts and secretaries of delegations) have practically all privileges, immunities and privileges, what the diplomatic representatives use. Later in 1.947 the UN General Assembly had ratified the Convention on privileges and immunities of the specialized establishments.

The UN had concluded agreements with the USA and Switzerland about its headquarters in the territories of these states and also with

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F rance and Italy on the accommodation of the UN specialized establishments (UNESCO - France, FAO - Italy) in their territories. Rules about the privileges and immunities of the representatives of states as well as officials of the appropriate organizations are listed in these agreements. They are narrowed a little in some agreements however. The UN agreement with the USA about headquarters, recognizing basically the right on the diplomatic privileges and immunities of the representatives of states in the UN specialized establishments, at the same time allows to the US authorities to raise with the consent of the State secretary the matter against the employees of representations and the UN officials with the purpose of presentation to them the requirements about departure from the USA "at abusing by privileges".

Besides, in the agreement it is said that the requirement about the departure from the USA can be presented to the representatives of states at the international organizations "with observance of usual order established for the diplomatic representatives, accredited at the US Government". This agreement contradicts the status of the representatives of a state at the international organizations.

The immunity of the representatives of states in the international organizations is much wider and more full, than immunity of officials. The immunity of the representatives of states is similar to diplomatic. In the basis of the immunities and privileges of the representatives of the states in the international organizations and in bodies of these organizations the right of the state in the international representation lays. Here with it is necessary to possess more possible privileges.

There is a difference between the diplomatic representatives and the representatives of states in the international organizations, They are not accredited at the Heads of states and realize the rights in an international representation within the framework of the international organization. Differences of the representatives of the international organizations also are: their assignment is not caused by the reception of agrem'ent from international organization or the state of a stay; they cannot be announced persona non-Greta; in relation to them the state of a stay can not apply to the principle of reciprocity.

According to the Convention stales have the right to nominate the employees of their constant representations freely. In it the principles

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o f complete inviolability of the person of the representatives of states in the international organizations and at the international conferences, premises of constant representations, inhabited premises of delegations and also mails of representations and delegations are fixed. Volume of the privileges and immunities submitted to the constant representatives, constant observers in bodies and at the international conferences come close to diplomatic.

The Convention also adjusts the problem of privileges and immunities of administrative - technicians of constant representations and delegations, equating them to administrative - technicians of diplomatic representations.

The Convention obliges the states of a stay not only to ensure all appropriate conditions for normal activity of constant representations and delegations but also to undertake all appropriate measures on instituting proceedings and punishment of the persons, who are guilty of encroachments on representations and delegations.

The officials and the employees of the international organizations have the different legal status. The Convention on the privileges and immunities of the UN determines the following immunities and privileges for the officials: they are not subject to the judicial responsibility for told or written by them and for all actions, acted by them as the officials; they are released from the taxes of their salaries and compensations paid by the UN, from state service, from restrictions on entrance into the country and also from registration as the foreigners. They use the privileges concerning exchange, privileges at repatriation during the international crises. At initial employment of their post they have the right to import furniture and property without taxes.

The circle of persons, who can use the listed privileges and immunities, is defined by the UN Secretary General. It is informed to the governments of all countries - UN members, as these privileges and immunities should be given to the UN officials in territory of all countries - participants of the Convention.

The UN experts, leaving in business trip on behalf of the United Nations, use during their travel wider privileges and powers than the UN officials in its headquarter staff. They are given immunity from personal arrest or detention and from imposing arrest on personal

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l uggage. Besides, they have judicial immunity concerning to all told and written on duty; inviolability of all papers and documents, right to use the code and to receive the correspondence by means of couriers or valise for their communication with the United Nations.

As a whole, privileges and immunities of the officials and the servicemen of international organizations in volume are already in comparison with diplomatic.

In the Convention the granting of privileges and immunities to the UN officials and its experts is marked in the interests of the United Nations, instead of their personal benefit. The Secretary General has the right but also is obliged to refuse immunity given to any official or expert, when the immunity interferes justice deals and it is possible to refuse it without damage of the UN interests.

ACTIVITY OF EMBASSY IN NORMAL CONDITIONS AND EXTREME SITUATIONS

1. Activity of an embassy in normal conditions

The normal functioning of diplomatic representations depends on, as far as their security is guaranteed. In the activity of diplomatic representations the special place is occupied by the problem of protection of embassy premises, its communication facility, security of mail from access of other persons. The Vienna convention, 1961 (item 22) guarantees inviolability of premises of a representation and points out not only about inadmissibility of penetration of authorities of a host country into them but also obligatory acceptance of all appropriate measures for protection against any entry or drawing of a damage. The same clause establishes that the premises of an embassy, subjects of accommodations and other property and also means of movement use immunity from a search, requisition, arrest, and juridical actions.

Special clauses of the convention establish inviolability of archives and documents of representation irrespective of their place of a presence.

The main problem is finding of premises for foreign bodies. It should be prestigious, suitable for representation and meet as much as possible maximum requirements of feature of representation work. The working rooms are desirable to place so that to complicate glancing from outside.

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T he most convenient accommodation considers, when windows leave in an internal courtyard or indistinct walls of the next buildings. If the building is under construction especially for representations abroad, these recommendations are easily feasible. When the building is rented under an embassy but it is also here impossible to ignore the standard rules of security.

Many embassies enclose its territories by special borders with the purpose of difficulty penetration into the territory of a representation. Quite often for observing over the territory of an embassy video cameras are established, which help the attendant of an embassy to control its separate sites. The entrance and exit of the territory of an embassy are equipped with the signal system and intercom allowing establishing communications with the attendant of a representation.

It is necessary to provide all measures on maintenance of representation by protection against a fire. The fire-prevention means should be such that allowed to liquidate a fire right at the beginning, to locate its centers. Probably some of you know that once in the US Embassy in Moscow there was a fire and the security service of the embassy liquidated the centers of a fire. Otherwise the call of the firemen is inevitable that is extremely undesirable for any representation. Besides in representation there should be experts ensuring mean of communication.

All these problems require the competent settlement by own forces, without the invitation of foreign experts.

The representations of some countries use special safeguarding, besides that protection, which is supplied by a host country. For example, the diplomatic representations of the USA in many countries are protected by American sea guards.

It is necessary to ascertain that last years the activity of different terrorist organizations has received a wide circulation. Their activity quite often is directed against diplomatic and consular representations. Kidnapping and murder of employees, bombardments of offices, explosions of a building became widespread phenomenon. It is necessary to all diplomatic representations to accept special measures for the prevention of consequences of terrorists' actions. The special

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security measures are undertaken at the reference with receiving of post correspondence, parcels, packages.

The outside protection of a representation, according to the Vienna convention (item 45) should be carried out by the state of a stay.

Besides general measures on a security of a representation much depends on behavior of its employees. Each employee is an object of supervision not only special services of a host country but also of outlaw groupings. Therefore, to avoid provocations from any parties it is necessary to be faultless in dialogue with the environmental people. Illegibility in communications, the doubtful acquaintances, establishment of any contacts without the knowledge of the senior diplomats are not allowed to the diplomatic employees.

The extra care should be observed in service conversations. As diplomatic cars are served by special firms of a host country, which conduct technical exams and repair of transport means, it is impossible to support service conversations in the car. There can be built overhearing devices. It is desirable to avoid service conversations in restaurants, cafe, especially, when the table is ordered beforehand.

2. Activity of an embassy in conditions of extreme situation There are various kinds of extreme situations. It can be the spontaneous disasters (flood, earthquake, hurricanes and other kinds), which cannot be predicted. The wars, revolutions, mass disorders in the country concern to other kinds of extreme situations. The most important in the work of an embassy is informing the center on an approaching extreme situation and sending proposals on possible measures for decrease of intensity and settlement of aggravated problems, on protection of interests of the state and its citizens.

Let's stop on the military conflicts. As an example 1 would like to bring the Arab-Israeli war in 1967, one of the most difficult period in the history of the Near East conflict. (During this period I served as the Third secretary of the USSR embassy in the United Arab Republic), There were constant informations about preparing war to the Center. The new government was formed in Israel, the general mobilisation was announced. In May 1967 Israeli Knesset gave to the government

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t he power to begin military actions against Syria. The Egyptian military techniques had appeared at the borders of Israel.

Israel had put impact by first, in some days it managed to break the armed forces of the big Arab state - the United Arab Republic, armed by the Soviet weapon, advanced for that period.

The Egyptian side did not give additional protection to the USSR embassy, though according to the Vienna convention "the state of a stay... should respect and protect a premises of a representation together with its property and archive". At the request of the Soviet embassy the Egyptian party had made a protection of external territory by bags with sand in a case of street battle actions. Soviet military and other experts who served as the advisers in the country were involved in the protection of the embassy. As a result of the accepted measures the penetration of somebody into the territory of the USSR embassy practically was impossible. During this period the US embassy also carried out protection measures by its own efforts.

The embassy deveJoped the detailed plan in a case of protection of five thousand Soviet experts working at the various industrial and agricultural enterprises, higher educational establishments, and geological parties, research institutes. All of them should limit their contacts, except for service. Besides that it was forbidden to attend public places, markets, meetings etc. The management of the embassy decided to cancel their contracts temporarily and to return the experts home. Between Odessa and Alexandria steam-ships constantly plied, which under an escort of the Soviet military ships and submarines transported the Soviet citizens. The escort was necessary, as during this period in the Mediterranean sea there were not only Soviet military ships and submarines, but also American ones of the sixth fleet. The Soviet and American military ships went side by side. In next time the world was on the verge of appearance of the war between the two super powers.

The weight of an extreme situation was aggravated by that fault for so heavy consequences of the defeat Arabian management partly assigned to the Soviet Union, namely to the Soviet arms and techniques. The latent discontent grew and even the vigorous efforts of the USSR on the termination of war could only partly compensate disappointment

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o f the Egyptian leaders from a shattering defeat. The Soviet Union could not admit to subdue its position in the Near East region.

Fortunately, during the six-day war any Soviet man had not suffered.

About the end of consequences of an extreme situation could not be speech. The capital of the UAR - Cairo was in a siege situation. The Security Council resolutions of June, 7 and 9 1967, accepted on the second day of military actions, about the holt of military actions by Israel were not carried out. Then the USSR decided to break the diplomatic relations with Israel and warned the Israeli government that the sanctions of military time will be applied to it, if the government does not fulfill the decision of the UN Security Council. Only after these resolute actions the military actions were stopped.

This evident example demonstrates the activity of the USSR embassy in an extreme situation caused war between a host country and the third country.

Other not less evident example is the activity of the Soviet Consulate-General in Istanbul during the Cyprus crisis. As against the Arab-Israeli war, the war had started between the two states, which are included in one military block - NATO and passed in the territory of the third state.

In summer on July 15, 1974 the rebellion, organized by the Greek militaries against the government headed by the President archbishop Makarious, had taken place in Cyprus. Rebels tried to liquidate the independence and sovereignty of the Republic of Cyprus and to set "enosis" of Cyprus with Greece. As it is known, Turks as well as Greeks live in Cyprus. Turkey was captured by a wave of the war scare. It was necessary to rescue the brothers Turks, living in native lands. Istanbul was announced to be in a military situation. After the sun set the city was immersed in a gloom. The cases of an attack on shops of the Greek dealers became frequent.

The Soviet Consulate-General worked to prevent all possible consequences of an extreme situation. The emergency meeting of all services of the Consulate-General was called and the paramount tasks were planned. The information was sent to the Center immediately and the next days after careful checking it was sent regularly.

First of all, it was necessary to secure the members of families and children who had arrived for summer holiday. For this purpose we

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p repared air-raid shelter, kept from the time of the Second World War, necessary quantity of drinking water, dry products, beds were reserved. Our preparations were in time, as on July 25 Turkey army had landed on Cyprus. To go outside of our territory was limited, it was authorized to the members of families only in the emergencies and it was necessary in support of the men and only in daytime. The diplomats were recommended to reduce visiting of various receptions. All undertaken measures had allowed us to pass this extreme situation without serious incidents. It was examination for me personally, while I was Acting Consul-General at that time.

Other kind of extreme situations are the acts of nature. Hurricanes, floods, earthquakes etc concern to them. As acts of nature are unpredictable, the activity of diplomatic representations should be precise and operative. First of all, it is necessary to find any way and to transfer the information on a tragedy to the Center. First tasks are to render help to the injured people, to contact to the appropriate bodies of a host country urgently and to accept the possible help. Further- to secure the members of families and, in case of a necessity, to prepare them for evacuation, then to try to save up the diplomatic documents, in order to prevent getting them in another's hands.

T was eyewitness of one more kind of an extreme situation, when I was the Councillor of the USSR embassy in Ethiopia, the head of the Soviet-Ethiopian bilateral relations group.

In 1984 the terrible drought has burst in all territory of Ethiopia. The hunger period began in the country. The people died by settlements, as cattle began to be killed by drought. Ethiopia had addressed to all countries of the world with the request of rendering of a humanitarian help. There was appropriate information to the Center and the embassy proposal to direct the humanitarian help to Ethiopia. The Soviet Red Cross and Red Crescent society arrived and delivered the large party of food and medicine to Ethiopia. Before the embassy there was the problem of delivering of food direct to dying people. In settlements there was terrible epidemic of most various enteric diseases. The plan was developed, according to which it was decided to drop products from the helicopter to small settlements, where there were still alive people and basic part of products and medicines to leave there, where

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c amps were already set and there was a medical aid by various international organizations. More terrible show, when people, dying in mass by hunger and, in particular, children, are unpleasant in the world.

In conclusion I'll bring one more example of an extreme situation arisen in the USSR embassy in Ethiopia in 1987. The organization for independence of Eritrea fought for the separation of Eritrea from Ethiopia and the formation of its independent state. At the beginning of 1987 the military actions of separatist movement began, Eritreans could advance forward and put a number of impacts to the government army. The authorities of Ethiopia announced an extreme situation in the country. In Addis Ababa city, the capital of Ethiopia, curfew was declared. Any movement in the city stopped. Diplomatic cars with the special passing could drive in the streets of the city with inside light that the faces of passengers were visible. At the first signal of patrols the car should stop, otherwise they could open a fire.

In connection with complicated situation the embassy took appropriate measures. The information on the beginning of military actions was directed to the Center. From the first days it was recommended to all employees of the embassy and Soviet experts in the country to stay in their houses in the evening and at nighttime. The parents should accompany their children at a trip to a school. Our people had to reduce contacts with local population up to a minimum and to inform immediately about any attempts of an insult to the embassy.

CONCEPTS OF TYPES AND KINDS OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, THE UN

/. Concept of types and kinds of international organizations The international organizations are the form of co-operation of states in multilateral diplomacy. The international intergovernmental organization represents the association of states founded on the basis of the international treaty for achievement of common aims, having constant bodies and working in general interests of the states - members, at respect of their sovereignty. The interstate organizations in its turn are subdivided into the organization of general and special competence. The organizations of the general competence mention all spheres of

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r elations between the states - members: political, economic, social and cultural (for example, the UN, Organization of the African Unity etc.). The organizations of the special competence cooperate in one area, for example, only in political, social, economic and cultural (Universal Postal Union, World Trade Organization etc.).

They may differ on the character of their powers; interstate, non-state and international organizations. The interstate organizations are subdivided into open (any state can become a member) and closed (the reception of members is made by the invitation of the initial founders). An example of the closed organizations is the military blocks such as NATO.

2. The United Nations Organization (the UN)

The UN refers to universal international organizations created for maintenance of peace and international security. The UN charter was signed on June 26,1945 at the San Francisco conference and came into force on October 24/1945. This date is annually marked by all UN member-states. On 15.09.1999 the members of the UN are 188 states of the world.

The UN charter formulates its aim by the following;" (1) To support international peace and security and with this purpose to accept effective collective measures for prevention both elimination of the threat to peace and suppression of acts of aggression or other infringements to peace and to carry out by peaceful means, in the consent with principles of validity and international law, settlement either sanction of the international disputes or situations, which can result in infringement of peace; (2) To develop friendly relations between the peoples on the basis of respect of principles of equality and self-determination of the peoples and also to accept other appropriate measures for strengthening of general peace: (3) To carry out international co-operation in the settlement of the international problems of economic, social, cultural and humanitarian character and in encouragement and development of the respect to human rights and basic freedom for everybody, without distinction of race, sex, language and religion; (4) To be the center for the co-ordination of actions of nations in achievement of these general purposes".

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T he General Assembly (GA) is consultative representative body, in which all UN member-states are submitted. The General Assembly is allocated by number of functions in consideration of main problems of global policy: strengthening of international peace, mitigation of international intensity, reductions of arms and disarmament, creation of conditions for development of friendly relations and co-operation between the states in various areas.

Under the working rules each member of the General Assembly has one vote. The General Assembly accepts the decisions on the maintenance of peace and security, elects the changeable members of the Security Council and ECOSOC, the Trusteeship Council, receives new UN members, excludes the UN members and adopts budget by the majority in two third of UN members present. The discussion, preparation of the resolutions and decisions on separate questions are carried out at the General Assembly plenary sessions and its main committees. During regular session of the General Assembly (GA) the sessions of the GA plenary meetings, the General Committee, the Committee on checking of powers and six Main Committees: First Committee - disarmament and international security. Second Committee - economic and financial questions, Third Committee - social, humanitarian and cultural questions, Fourth Committee - special political questions and decolonization, Fifth - administrative and budget questions and Sixth - legal questions will be carried out.

The General Assembly receives and considers reports from the other organs of the UN. It elects the 10 non-permanent members of the Security Council, 54 members of the Economic and Social Council and some members of the Trusteeship Council. Together with the Security Council, but voting independently, it elects the members of the International Court of Justice, It also appoints the Secretary General on the recommendation of the Security Council. It considers and approves the regular budget of the UN and apportions the expenses among members. The UN non-members, having the constant observers at the UN_; can take parr in the work of the GA (Vatican, Switzerland) and not having the constant representatives. Besides it Organization of Liberation of Palestine and number of international organizations (specialized establishments of the UN, OAS, EU, CIS etc.) have received

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t he right to participate as the observers. The Republic of Kazakhstan is the UN member since May 2,1992.

The Security Council (SC) is the UN constantly working body. It consists of 15 members, five of whom are constant (Great Britain, China, Russia, the USA, France), and others 10 members are changeable and selected in the Council according to the procedure stipulated by the Charter. The non-constant members of the Security Council are selected by the UN GA.

The main responsibility for maintenance of peace and security is assigned to the Security Council. It defines presence of any threat to the world, infringement of peace or act of aggression. The Security Council gives the recommendations on measures, which should be undertaken for restoration of peace and security.

Decisions on procedural matters are made by affirmative vote of any nine members of the Security Council. For acceptance of the decisions on all other matters it is required not less than nine votes, including concurring votes of all constant members. Non-participation (abstention) in voting of the constant members is not considered as the veto.

The Security Council since the first days of its existence gave attention to problems of an establishment of actual circumstances of disputes and conflicts, investigation of the reasons and actual side of military collisions between the states, directing special missions. For these purposes the military observers were directed for the performance of demands on cease fire, conditions of the peace agreement, political settlement etc. Such missions were directed to Palestine, Lebanon, Uganda, and Tajikistan etc. Here it is pertinently to mention the use of preventive diplomacy by the Security Council.

Last years the Security Council uses the compulsory sanctions of economic, political, diplomatic, financial character not connected with the use of armed forces. The purpose of these sanctions is to induce the appropriate states to stop or to refrain from actions representing threat to peace.

The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) consists of 54 members, which are selected by the GA for the period of three years (the geographical distribution of seats). The decisions of ECOSOC are

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a ccepted by the simple majority of votes present and participating in voting. The function of this organization is drawing up of the reports on the international problems in the field of economic, social, culture, education, health and related matters and to give some recommendations to the GA, the UN members and interested specialized establishments.

According to the UN Charter, ECOSOC has the right to create commissions in economic and social areas and on observance of human rights. Now ECOSOC has 9 functional commissions: statistical, population and development, the human rights, the status of women, narcotic drugs, prevention of criminality and criminal justice. Besides that under the management of ECOSOC there is a number of special committees: on program and co-ordination, on population items, on non-governmental organizations and on negotiations with intergovernmental organizations.

The Trusteeship Council belongs to the UN main bodies, created from the very beginning of its activity. For all years the activity of the Trusteeship Council promoted trust territories to gain their state independence and realization of the integral right of the peoples on self-determination. The rapid period of decolonization resulted in several changes in the composition of the Council between 1960 and 1968. It is necessary to mention that the Minister of foreign affairs of Kazakhstan SSR Tulegen Tajibaev, being the member of the USSR delegation in the United Nations twice at the second half of 1950s, took part at the activity of the Trusteeship Council.

In 1994 the Secretary-General recommended in the annual report on the work of the organization, that the General Assembly should proceed with steps to eliminate the organ, in accordance with the article 108 of the UN Charter.

The International Court of Justice (IC J) is the principal judicial organ of the UN. According to the UN Charter all members of this organization are ipso facto (by virtue of the fact) the participants of the Status of the International Court.

The International Court consists of 15 judges irrespective of a citizenship. There should not be two citizens of the same state in the Court. The members of the Court are selected by the GA and the Security Council independently from each other on 9 years.

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T he ICJ principle function is to decide, in accordance with international law, such cases as are submitted to it by the states. The ICJ is directed by international conventions; establishing rules expressly recognized by the contesting states; international custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law; the general principles of law, recognized by civilized nations; justice decisions and the teachings of the most highly qualified of the various nations, as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law.

It also gives advisory opinions to the Assembly and the Security Council on any legal question, and advisory opinions on legal issues, arising within the scope of their activities, to other organs of the UN and specialized agencies, which are authorized by the Assembly to request them. The principle task of the Court consists in the resolution of the dispute between the states on the basis of international law. The consideration of the dispute is possible at the consent of two parties.

The Secretariat and the Secretary-General, directing it, play the special role in the UN structure. The Secretary-General is nominated by the General Assembly under the recommendation of the Security Council for the period of 5 years. According to the Charter the Secretary-General is the main administrative official of the UN. He supervises the work of a large number of employees of the Secretariat.

The Secretaries-General of the United Nations were Trygve Lie, Norway, installed 2 February 1946; Dig Hammarsheld, Sweden, installed 10 April 1953 (died in office 18 September 1961); U Than, Burma {now Myanmar), installed 3 November 1961; Kurt Waldheim, Austria, installed 22 December 1971; Javier Perez de Cueilar, Peru, installed 15 December 1981; Boufros Boutros-Ghali, Egypt, installed 1 January 1992. Now the UN Secretary-General is Cofl Annan, Ghana.

The Secretariat includes Under-Secretaries-General, Assistants Secretary-General and other senior officers. AH Offices are directed by the Under-Secretaries-General sometimes together with the Assistants the Secretary-General.

The Specialized agencies. The specialized agencies are defined in article 57 of the Charter as agencies which have been established by intergovernmental agreement and wide international responsibilities, as defined in their basic instruments, in economic, social, cultural,

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e ducational, health, and related fields and which have been brought into relationship with the United Nations. Under article 61, their activities may be coordinated by ECOSOC. They are separate, autonomous organizations, each with their own membership and institutions. Some are the successors to similar organizations associated with former League of Nations, some have earlier origins.

The specialized establishments are subdivided into the following groups: organizations of social character - International Labor Organization (ILO), World Health Organization (WHO); organizations of cultural and humanitarian character - the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), World of Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO); economic organization - the UN Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO); financial organizations -International Bank of Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), International Monetary Fund (IMF), International Development Association (IDA), International Financial Corporation (IFC); organizations in the field of an agriculture - Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD); organizations of transport and communications- International Civil Aviation Organization (1CAO), The International Maritime Organization (IMO), Universal Postal Union (UPU), International Telecommunication Union (ITU); organization in the field of meteorology - World Meteorological Organization (WMO).

The International Atomic Energy Agency- IAEA is connected to the UN by an agreement.

Some others, created on the decision of the UN GA, enter into the system of intergovernmental international organizations. The UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the UN Development Program (UNDP), the UN Environment Program (UNEP) refer to such organizations.

There are numerous international non-governmental organizations, as the World Federation of Trade Unions, the Interparliamentary Union, the World Federation of Veterans of War, the International Organization of Lawyers-Democrats, the International Council of Scientists, the International Organization of journalists etc.

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