- •1. Morphological structure of a word. Classification of Morphemes.
- •2. Modern English Phraseology
- •3. The Verb. The categories of Tense and Aspect.
- •4. The Latin borrowings of different periods and their historical background Dark ages
- •Middle ages
- •Renaissance
- •Industrial age
- •5. French as the most important foreign influence on the English language.
- •Contact with French.
- •6. The Noun
- •The category of case
- •7. The Verb
- •Category of voice
- •8. The Theory of Phrase(Ph)
- •The Group of Phrases
- •Subordinate word-groups fall into two parts: the head (an independent component) and the adjunct (a dependent component)
- •Subordinate word-groups can be classified:
- •Predicative word-groups
- •9 The sentence(s) The sentence.
- •Classification of sentences.
- •Parts of the sentence
- •10. Categorical structure of the word
- •11. The theory of phoneme
- •11. Lexical stylistic devices
- •13. The theory of intonation
- •14. Phonetic and Graphical stylistic devices
- •15. Syntactical stylistic devices
- •16. Parts of Speech
- •17.Various ways of word-building in me
- •18. Adjective
- •Degrees of comparison as a grammatical category-
- •19. Category of Definiteness – Indefiniteness (The Noun)
- •1) The limiting function.
- •20. Lexico-syntactical stylistic devices
- •21. Types of meaning (m)
21. Types of meaning (m)
First of all lang-ge is a means of communication & the most important one. That’s why the main category of Linguistics is M. There are 2kinds of M:
1) the grammatical (is clearly seen in identical sets of individual forms of different words. In the process of communication in a sentence word may have several GM);
2) the lexical (remains stable and unchanged; it is proper to a word as a language unit in all its forms and distributions).
(The former is characteristic of separate Ws which are referable to certain object.The later is a more abstract character & becomes obvious only against the background of meaningful positions.In a sentence a W has several gram.Ms.Lex.M isn’t connected with the changes of gram.forms of 1&the same W.It remains stable&unchanged.In sentence a W is used in 1 of the lex.Ms.{‘go,goes,went,going,gone’ have diff-nt gram.M,but have 1&the same semantic component denoting the process of movement}.)
LM consists of 3components:
1)the denotational component is the word referent to the object;
2)the significational comp. as a typical notion, a complex of features of an object(denotate);
3)the connotational comp. is additional information to a W depicting an attitude of a person to an object.
Connotational M is subdivided into:
1)emotional colouring{‘well-known’,’famous’,’notorious’are synonyms,the 1st W has a general M,the 2nd is in a good sense,the 3d in a sad sense}.
2)stylistic referens;stylistically Ws can be subdivided into:neutral;literary(bookish);coloqual.
Semantic Structure of a W
Ws are not the units of a single M.Monosemantic(однозначные)Ws have one M.Most of Ws convey several notions & thus have several Ms,they are called polysemantic Ws.Смирнитский was the 1st who defined a unit of a W that possesses(cохраняет) its own sound form & lex.M & which keeps unchangeable as a lexical-semantical variant (LSV)of a W.Виноградов was the 1st who spoke about the semantic structure of a W, the semant,structure of a W as an interrelated(взаимосвязан.)&interdependent(взаимозависим.)unity of its LSVs.{different LSVs may be clearly seen in a context:
*in diff-nt combinations:to stand straight,to stand heat;
*in diff-nt syntactical positions:to stand out,to stand for;
*in their phraseological piquliarities:it stands to reason,to stand on end}.
The Ms in the semantic structure of a W are not equal.Traditionally the basic & the minor(второстеп.)Ms are distinguish.Basic M is a kind of a centre of a W,round which all other minor Ms are organized.{The W ‘table’ has about 14 Ms.The basic M is ‘стол’}. The minor Ms stongly depend on a context.{hard work;to keep+Gerund(reading)=to continue doing smth;heavy blow}.
Metaphor (переносное значение слова) – an implied comparison between two seemingly different things.
Metonymy(переносное значение на основе сходства) – is a transfer of meaning on the bases of contiguity.
Secondary ways of semantic changes
Ilivation – is a transfer of the meaning when it becomes better in the curse of time, ex: a boy – a young servant.
Degradational – is a transfer of the meaning when it becomes worse in the course of time.
Hyperbely – is a transfer of a meaning when a speaker uses exaggeration.
Litotes - is a transfer of a meaning when a speaker expresses affirmative with the negative and on the contrary.
Polisymy (многозначность)
Homonyms are 2 words identical in sound and spelling but different in meaning.
Classification:
1. Homonyms proper (identical in pronunciation&spelling). Bank, ball.
2. Homophones (identical in sound but different in spelling). Meet-meat, right-wright.
3. Homographs (of accidentally the same spelling but of different sound). To wind – wind, to lead – lead.
(Смирницкий:
1. Full homonyms are words of the same category of part of speech with identical paradigm but different lexical meaning. Match, ball, bank.
2. Partial homonyms:
Simple lexico-grammatical: words of the same category of part of speech having one identical form in their paradigm and different LM. To found (основывать) – found (форма от to find).
Complex lexico-grammatical: words of different categories of part of speech having one identical form in their paradigm and different LM. Rose (N) – rose (to rise), light (N) – light (adj).
Partial lexical: words of the same category of part of speech which are identical only in their corresponding forms. Paradigm of V (past ind – past participle): to cut-cut-cut; possessive case singular – common case plural: Student’s mistake. – Students made a mistake.)