- •Unit I
- •Improve your pronunciation:
- •Passive structures and their message
- •Ambiguous Ved forms
- •Vocabulary
- •Learn to use proper words
- •Study and research
- •V1. Translate into Russian:
- •V2. Translate into English:
- •V3. Read and translate Text 1 about scientific research in Supplementary reading. Pick up words and expressions which can be of use for you.
- •II. Рассмотрим перевод некоторых грамматических конструкций, содержащих ing-формы.
- •Pure and applied science
- •Automation in the research process
- •Ambiguous combinations of Ving and n
- •Vocabulary
- •Learn to use proper words
- •Experimental work
- •V1. Translate into Russian.
- •V2 Translate into English.
- •V3. Read and translate Text 2 about empirical research in Supplementary Reading. Pick up the words and expressions which might be of use for you.
- •Improve your pronunciation:
- •The infinitive
- •Инфинитивные обороты
- •Vocabulary
- •Learn to use proper words
- •Showing and proving
- •V1. Translate into Russian:
- •V2. Translate the words in brackets. Then translate the sentences into Russian:
- •V3. Translate into English:
- •V4. Read and translate Text 3 about evaluation of research results in Supplementary reading. Pick up the words and expressions which might be of use for you.
- •V5 Write a piece of 5-7 sentences to characterize the process of evaluating the data that you have obtained in the course of your research. Use grammar structures and vocabulary studied. Unit 4
- •Improve your pronunciation:
- •Modal verbs and their equivalents
- •Summary chart of modals and similar expressions
- •Vocabulary
- •Learn to use proper words
- •Obtaining and analysing results
- •V1. Translate into English:
- •V2. Read and translate text 4 about analysis of research results in Supplementary Reading. Pick up the words and expressions which might be of use for you.
- •Conditionals without if
- •Sentences with as if, as though
- •Object clauses with subjunctive
- •Vocabulary
- •Learn to use proper words
- •Describing trends and tendencies
- •V1. There are a lot of verbs and nouns describing changes in size, number, price, value etc. Find the verbs that indicate an upward, downward or horizontal movement:
- •V2. Describe the rate and size of change observed:
- •V3. Complete the sentences with the prepositions: of, per, at, by, from…to.
- •V4. Translate into Russian:
- •V5. Read the example of a scatter graph description. Pick up words and expressions which might be of use for you.
- •V6. Write 5-7 sentences describing some trends in the field of your research. Unit 6
- •Improve your pronunciation:
- •Word building
- •Suffixes of the noun
- •The noun
- •2. Множественное число некоторых заимствованных из других языков существительных образуется по правилам этих языков:
- •3.Существительное в роли определителя: правило ряда
- •Vocabulary
- •Learn to use proper words
- •Comparing and contrasting
- •V1. Translate into Russian:
- •V2. Translate into English:
- •V3. Read and translate text 5 where fundamental science and experimental science are compared. Pick up the words and expressions which might be of use for you.
- •V4. Write an essay of 5-7 sentences comparing :
- •Improve your pronunciation:
- •Word building
- •Grammar слова-заместители
- •3) This, these:
- •Vocabulary
- •Emphasizing
- •Concluding
- •V1. Translate into Russian.
- •V2. Write an essay about your research work using all grammar structures and vocabulary studied. Unit 8
- •Improve your pronunciation:
- •Prepositions and conjunctions
- •Наиболее употребительные составные предлоги:
- •Наиболее употребительные составные союзы
- •Cлова, на которые следует обратить особое внимание
- •Vocabulary
- •Learn to use proper words
- •V1. Translate the sentences
- •V2. Make up a story about a scientist using idioms and expressions with the word “time”. You might start as follows:
- •To make and to do
- •V3. Complete the sentences with to make or to do in the proper form. Then translate them into Russian.
- •V4. Translate the sentences
- •V5. Continue the story about the scientist but this time try to use the verbs “to make” and “to do”. Unit 9 word building
- •Complex sentence
- •Vocabulary learn to deduce the meaning of english words:
- •Supplementary reading
- •Research
- •Empirical research
- •Evaluation and improvement
- •Aspects of validation
- •Analysis of research results
- •The process of data analysis
- •1. Data cleaning
- •2. Initial data analysis
- •3. Main data analysis
- •Fundamental science and applied science compared
- •Supplementary information most widespread abbreviations
- •Linking words and phrases
- •Table of mathematical symbols
- •Main sources of information
Pure and applied science
As students of science you are probably sometimes puzzled by the terms "pure" and "applied" science. Are these two totally different activities, having little or no interconnection? Let us begin by examining what is done by each.
Pure science is primarily concerned with the development of theories (or, as they are frequently called, models) establishing relations between the phenomena of the universe. When they are sufficiently validated these theories (hypotheses, models) become the working laws or principles of science. In carrying out this work, the pure scientist usually disregards its application to practical affairs, confining his attention to explanation of how and why the events occur.
G5. Translate the text:
B, C
Automation in the research process
Our goal should be automating the routine and thereby leave more time for the creative process.
Let’s proceed by arbitrarily dividing research into three stages and examining each stage to find what functions of the research process might be automated without endangering creativity.
Stage one includes the dreams, the ideas, the exploratory work, selecting the problem, setting the objective, testing technical feasibility, and searching the literature.
Stage two involves planning the experiment, conducting the experiment, checking the alternates, data taking, and data evaluation.
Stage three is the solution of the problem - drawing conclusions and making recommendations.
Although there is a great deal of creativity involved in stage one, there are also opportunities for automation. The burden of keeping up with the literature even in one’s own restricted field is becoming heavier with each passing year. The mass of reading necessary to make a literature search has increased immensely. Advances in computer technology have made possible storing and quick retrieving essentially all the scientific literature.
Ambiguous combinations of Ving and n
E. Pattern: N+Ving
Examples: 1.Some problems can be solved only by the world scientists joining their efforts. - ... only if the world scientists join their efforts. - ... могут быть решены только объединением усилий ученых всего мира.
2.Such problems can be solved only by a scientist fully realizing the possible danger. - ...by a scientist who fully realizes the possible danger.- ...может решить только ученый, полностью осознающий возможную опасность.
1.The mid-20th century has witnessed the scientist becoming the most valued member of society. 2. The original idea of a discovery is often the product of one man working in a group environment. 3. There is more chance now of this suggestion being true. 4. A true scientist is prepared for his mistake being pointed out to him. 5. It is believed that there is hardly any chance of there being a mistake in these calculations.
F. Pattern: ... (with) N + Ving / Ved, + S.. + P
Example: With research involving more and more people, the profession of a scientist has become one of the most popular nowadays. - As research involves more and more... - По мере того как научное исследование требует участия все большего числа людей, профессия ученого ...
G. Pattern: S...+P.., (with) N..+Ving / Ved
Example: Mathematization of science is witnessed in almost all its branches, with specialists in the humanities hurriedly joining the process. - ... branches, and specialists in the humanities hurriedly join the process. - Математизация науки наблюдается во всех ее областях, и специалисты в области гуманитарных наук спешат включиться в этот процесс.
1. Some scientists do not distinguish between pure and applied science, the distinction being, in fact, of recent origin. 2. They took all the measurements during the actual operation of the machine, this being the usual practice in those days. 3. The universe is now essentially composed of about 90% hydrogen and 9% helium, with the remaining 1% accounting for the more complex atoms. 4. The project abandoned, the leadership in this field passed to another institute. 5. Originally a mathematician, he became engaged first in theoretical physics and then in space research, all these fields being closely interconnected.
REVISION:
R1. Translate into Russian:
A.
1. Some people say that theory is a device for saving time. 2. Saying is one thing and doing is another. 3. The property depends on the substances being used. 4. Using the energy of the atom we produce electric energy at atomic power plants. 5. The empirical evidence is lacking here. 6. Putting it mildly, the experiment was not conducted properly. 7. The model having been tested we could recommend it for mass production. 8. Defining problems precisely requires patience. 9. We thought of starting another series of experiments. 10. The scientists’ names deserve mentioning.
B
A true scientist is interested in being told about his mistakes. 2. Algol is a system being developed and intended to become a universal programming language. 3. It is correct to say that basic research is directed toward understanding the foundations of nature without taking into account their practical applicability. 4. Finding an adequate solution to this most urgent technological problem will surely require much time and still more effort. 5. Today we cannot help witnessing a tendency in science to direct the collective efforts of a research team at the achievement of a common goal. 6. It is worthwhile thinking over the effects I have just described. 7. Being interested in the subject which you are studying is the best motivation for learning it. 8. Fundamental research is that which you undertake without caring whether the results will be of practical value or not. 9. Taking into account individual components resulted in a radical change of the entire system. 10. Several review committees were formed, including a special environmental group.
C
1.It is not claimed that the research is aimed at deriving an entirely different set of axioms. 2. A bit of work was needed to establish this but once the result was accepted, it was the best instrument for exploring the atom. 3. In the early days of World War II many engineers were faced with the task of mastering the techniques of using radar. 4. Methods employed in solving a problem are strongly influenced by the research objective. 5. During such experiments interfering influences must be excluded and an artificial environment created in which the contribution of the individual components can be taken account of and possibly even measured. 6. If the scientist succeeds in confirming his repeated observations it may be stated that an empirical law or rule of nature has been discovered. 7. General scientific methods can be approached from a historical point of view by giving a brief account of scientific concepts and theories development. 8. With extended operation in space being a design goal, special attention was given to reliability problems. 9. The lack of interest of neurophysiologists in the macromolecular theory of memory can be accounted for by recognizing that the theory, whether true or false, is clearly premature. 10. The oceans and atmosphere are strongly coupled systems and cannot very well be treated separately.