- •Ответы а гос экзамены Теорфонетика
- •Principles of classification of English consonants.
- •The theory of phoneme
- •3 Types of lexical combinability of words:
- •2). Collocations.
- •3). Idioms
- •История языка
- •§ 84. The sixth period extends from the mid-17th c. To the close of the 18th c. In the history of the language it is often called “the age of
- •§ 281. Though the Scandinavian invasions of England are dated in the oe period, their effect on the language is particularly apparent in me.
- •§ 384. It must be noted that some of the diphthongs which arose
- •§ 387. The Great Vowel Shift has attracted the attention of many linguists (k- Luick. O. Jespersen, f. Mosse, a. Martinet, b. Trnfca, V. Plotkin and others).
- •General Notes on Styles and Stylistics
- •Stylistics and its Subdivisions
- •Process of reading is decoding.
- •3.Stylistic classification of the English vocabulary. Stylistic Classification of the English Vocabulary
- •1 Вступ до мовознавства:
- •Природа і сутність мови
- •Синхронія і діахронія
- •Генеалогічна класифікація мов
- •2. МовознавствоСредних століть, Відродження і Нового часу. Універсальна логічна граматика
- •4.Натуралистическое,логико-грамматическое і психологічну напрями у лінгвістиці xiXстоліття.Младограмматизм
- •7. Основні напрями в сучасному мовознавстві
- •The Indo-European languages
- •The Germanic languages
- •Modern North-Germanic languages
- •Modern West Germanic languages
- •Present day Germanic languages: language list with a sample text
- •Historical Germanic Languages North Germanic
- •West Germanic
- •East Germanic
- •Vandalic
- •§ 40. In addition to the three languages on the mainland, the North Germanic subgroup includes two more languages: Icelandic and Faroese, whose origin goes back to the Viking Age.
- •West Germanic
- •§ 43. The Franconian dialects were spoken in the extreme North of the Empire; in the later Middle Ages they developed into Dutch
- •§ 46. At the later stage of the great migration period — in the 5th c.
- •§ 49. The following table shows the classification of old and modern
- •Independent Vowel Changes in Proto-Germanic
- •§ 56. After the changes, in Late pg, the vowel system contained the following sounds:
- •Interpretation of the Proto-Germanic Consonant Shift
- •§ 60. The causes and mechanism of the pg consonant shift have been a matter of discussion ever since the shift was discovered.
- •Inflectional Morphology; Classes of Words
- •Inflection of Substantives.
- •Inflection of Adjectives
- •The Numerals
- •Inflection of Verbs
- •3.7.1. Origin of the Tense System
§ 49. The following table shows the classification of old and modern
|
|
East Germanic |
North Germanic |
West Germanic |
|
Old Germanic languages (with dates of the earliest records) |
Gothic (4th c.) Vandalic Burgundian |
Old Norse or Old Scandinavian (2nd-3rd c.) Old Icelandic (12th c.) Old Norwegian (13th c.) Old Danish (13th c.) Old Swedish (13th c.) |
Anglian, Frisian, Ju- tish, Saxon, Franconian, High German (Alemanic, Thiiringian, Swa- vian, Bavarian) Old English (7th c.) Old Saxon (9th c.) Old High German (8th. c.) Old Dutch (12th c.) |
|
Modern Germanic languages |
No living languages |
Icelandic Norwegian Danish Swedish Faroese |
English German Netherlandish Afrikaans Yiddish Frisian |
Specific features of old Germanic consonant and vocalic systems.
Vowels
§ 53. Throughout history, beginning with PG, vowels displayed a strong tendency to change. They underwent different kinds of alterations: qualitative and quantitative, dependent and independent. Quali' tative changes affect the quality of the sound, e.g.: [o>a ] or (p>fl; quantitative changes make long sounds short or short sounds long, e.g.: [i>i:]( 1U>1 ] \ dependent changes (also positional or combinative) are restricted to certain positions or phonetic conditions, for instance, a sound may change under the influence of the neighbouring sounds or in a certain type of a syllable; independent changes — also spontaneous or regular — take place irrespective of phonetic conditions, i.e. they affect a certain sound in all positions.
From an early date the treatment of vowels was determined by the nature of word stress. 'In accented syllables the oppositions between vowels were carefully maintained and new distinctive features were introduced, so that the number of stressed vowels grew. In unaccented positions the original contrasts between vowels were weakened or lost; the distinction of short and long vowels was neutralised so that by the age of writing the long vowels in unstressed syllables had been shortened. As for originally short vowels, they tended to be reduced to a neutral sound, losing their qualitative distinctions and were often dropped in unstressed final syllables (see the example *fiskaz in §52).
§ 54. Strict differentiation of long and short vowels is commonly regarded as an important characteristic of the Germanic group. The contrast of short and long vowels is supported by the different directions of their changes. While long vowels generally tended to become closer and to diphthongise, short vowels, on the contrary, often changed into more open sounds. These tendencies can be seen in the earliest vowel changes which distinguished the PG vowel system from its PIE source.