- •Ответы а гос экзамены Теорфонетика
- •Principles of classification of English consonants.
- •The theory of phoneme
- •3 Types of lexical combinability of words:
- •2). Collocations.
- •3). Idioms
- •История языка
- •§ 84. The sixth period extends from the mid-17th c. To the close of the 18th c. In the history of the language it is often called “the age of
- •§ 281. Though the Scandinavian invasions of England are dated in the oe period, their effect on the language is particularly apparent in me.
- •§ 384. It must be noted that some of the diphthongs which arose
- •§ 387. The Great Vowel Shift has attracted the attention of many linguists (k- Luick. O. Jespersen, f. Mosse, a. Martinet, b. Trnfca, V. Plotkin and others).
- •General Notes on Styles and Stylistics
- •Stylistics and its Subdivisions
- •Process of reading is decoding.
- •3.Stylistic classification of the English vocabulary. Stylistic Classification of the English Vocabulary
- •1 Вступ до мовознавства:
- •Природа і сутність мови
- •Синхронія і діахронія
- •Генеалогічна класифікація мов
- •2. МовознавствоСредних століть, Відродження і Нового часу. Універсальна логічна граматика
- •4.Натуралистическое,логико-грамматическое і психологічну напрями у лінгвістиці xiXстоліття.Младограмматизм
- •7. Основні напрями в сучасному мовознавстві
- •The Indo-European languages
- •The Germanic languages
- •Modern North-Germanic languages
- •Modern West Germanic languages
- •Present day Germanic languages: language list with a sample text
- •Historical Germanic Languages North Germanic
- •West Germanic
- •East Germanic
- •Vandalic
- •§ 40. In addition to the three languages on the mainland, the North Germanic subgroup includes two more languages: Icelandic and Faroese, whose origin goes back to the Viking Age.
- •West Germanic
- •§ 43. The Franconian dialects were spoken in the extreme North of the Empire; in the later Middle Ages they developed into Dutch
- •§ 46. At the later stage of the great migration period — in the 5th c.
- •§ 49. The following table shows the classification of old and modern
- •Independent Vowel Changes in Proto-Germanic
- •§ 56. After the changes, in Late pg, the vowel system contained the following sounds:
- •Interpretation of the Proto-Germanic Consonant Shift
- •§ 60. The causes and mechanism of the pg consonant shift have been a matter of discussion ever since the shift was discovered.
- •Inflectional Morphology; Classes of Words
- •Inflection of Substantives.
- •Inflection of Adjectives
- •The Numerals
- •Inflection of Verbs
- •3.7.1. Origin of the Tense System
§ 384. It must be noted that some of the diphthongs which arose
during the Great Vowel Shift could also appear from other sources. The diphthong [ou 1 was preserved from ME without modification; [eil could descend from ME [ei] and [ail which had merged into one diphthong. Those were the diphthongs with i- and -u glides going back to Early ME vowel and consonant changes (see § 380 for explanation and examples).
§ 385. The following graphic presentation of the Great Vowel Shift shows the consistent character of the changes; it includes also the ME diphthongs [ou, ei, ai] as additional sources of the diphthongs which developed in the Shift. It should be obvious from the chart and the table that the Great Vowel Shift did not add any new sounds to the vowel system; in fact, every vowel which developed under the Shift can be found in Late ME' •(see the table in § 382). And nevertheless the Great Vowel Shift was the most profound and comprehensive change in the history of English vowels: every long vowel, as well as some diphthongs, were "shifted”, and the pronunciation of all the words with these sounds was altered.
§ 386. It is important to note that the Great Vowel Shift (unlike most of the earlier phonetic changes) was not followed by any regular spelling changes: as seen from the examples the modification in the pronunciation of words was not reflected in their written forms. (The few graphic replacements made in the 16th c. failed to reflect the changes: the digraphs ie, ee, and the single e were kept for the close [e: J, while the digraph ea was introduced to show the more open [e: 1 as in steal', the further merging oft le: ] and [e: 1 in [i: ] made the graphic distinction unnecessary — cf. NE steal, steel. A similar distinction between the close [o: ], shown as oo, and the more open [a: 1, shown as oa since the 16th c. proved to be more useful, as these digraphs indicate different sounds (although the gap between the spelling and the pronunciation is greater than it was: oo stands for [u: ] while oa stands for [ou], cf. NE room, roam.)
During the shift even the names of some English letters were changed, for they contained long vowels. Cf. the names of some Fnglish letters before and after the shift:
ME: A la:], E Ie: 1, 0 lo: 1, / [i:l, B [be:], K [ka: 1 NE: A let], E [i:l, 0 [oul, / lax 1, B Ibi: 1, K [kei ].
(By comparing the names of Mod E letters A, 0, E, and I with the familiar Latin names of the same letters one can easily form an idea of the shift (only three more changes [u: ]> (au; ], [o: ]> [u: I and [au I > [3: ] have to be added). It is also easy to deduce the changes from comparing the written and spoken forms of many modern words, e.g, time ['ti:ma] becomes [taim], make ['ma:k3l becomes [meik].)
Some Interpretations of the Great Vowel Shift
§ 387. The Great Vowel Shift has attracted the attention of many linguists (k- Luick. O. Jespersen, f. Mosse, a. Martinet, b. Trnfca, V. Plotkin and others).
There are certainly many remarkable aspects in the shift. As we have seen it !eft no long vowel unaltered. All the vowels were changed in a single direction. The changes formed a sort of series or chain, as many vowels took the place of the adjoining closer vowels. The distances between the vowels were on the whole carefully preserved, the only exception being the merging of [e:j and [e:| into li:] In the 18th c.
The changes have been interpreted as starting at one end ot each set of vowels—front and back,—the initial change stimulating the movement of the other sounds. It the changes started at the more open vowels, [a:] and [o:|. every step “pushed” the adjoining vowel away to avoid coincidence, so that finally the closest vowels, which could not possibly become narrower were “pushed” out of the set of monophthongs into diphthongs: [i:] > [ai) and [u:] > fau}. This interpretation of the shift is known as the "push-chain" (K. Luick).
The opposite view is heid by the exponents of the theory of "drag-chain" (O. Jespersen); according to this theory the changes started at the two closest vowels, [i:j and [u:]; these dose vowels became diphthongs, '‘dragging’’ after them- selves their neighbours, [e:j and [□:], which occupied the vacant positions; every vowel made one step in this direction, except [e:J which made two: [e:] became le:] and then [i:j.