Занятие 8

Этапы занятия:

I. Изучающее чтение. Направлено на формирование компетенции ок-5 Malocclusion in children

Malocclusion is the improper positioning of the teeth and jaws. It is a variation of normal growth and development which can affect the bite, the ability to clean teeth properly, gum tissue health, jaw growth, speech development and appearance.

Both heredity and environmental factors can play a role in developing malocclusions. The shape and size of the face, jaws and teeth are determined mostly by inheritance. Environmental factors can also have a large impact and these are the types of problems which the pediatric dentist is well trained to manage.

Every child is unique and must be treated individually. The pediatric dentist will provide an estimate of the length of time required prior to initiating treatment. In complex malocclusions the treatment may be divided into several phases which are scheduled to coincide with the child's particular pattern of growth and development.

Carefully controlled removal of selected primary teeth may be necessary to guide the permanent teeth into proper position. This procedure requires frequent monitoring over a period of time and usually in combination with the use of some type of appliance. The removal of permanent teeth depends specifically upon the circumstances for that particular child. There are some malocclusions which cannot be treated successfully without removing permanent teeth and there are other situations where permanent teeth should definitely not be removed. This is a decision which must be made very carefully after thoroughly evaluating all of the diagnostic materials available for that patient.

The complexity of each child's individual problem will dictate the extent of examination and diagnostic procedures. Following a thorough clinical examination with a review of past medical and dental history, impressions of the teeth are taken from which plaster models are made. These study models provide a baseline reference of the current relationship of the teeth and jaws and also provide a method to monitor the progress of any treatment. Photographs of the face and teeth also provide a record of the child's facial appearance prior to treatment. Several types of X-rays may be needed to properly diagnose a developing malocclusion. Most commonly used are a panoramic X-ray, which shows all the upper and lower teeth in biting position as well as any teeth still developing within the jaws, and a lateral X-ray of the entire head, known as a cephalometric X-ray which shows the relationship of the teeth and jaws to the face and skull. Malocclusion is corrected mainly by tooth movement appliances, removable and fixed.

II. Работа над грамматикой.

Продолжение изучения времён Perfect. Разница употребления времён Perfect с временами Past и Future Simple

III. Перевод текста со словарём. Направлено на формирование компетенции ок-6 Occlusal interferences and occlusal harmony

The mandible is unique in that it exists as a single bone crossing the midline, with symmetrical articulating com­ponents, at each end. This, in combination with the unique nature of these articulating components, leads to a com­plicated three-dimensional geometry of movement. Secondary to the primary articulation of the temporo-mandibular joints (TMJs) is the articulation of the upper and lower teeth.

The relationship of the maxillary and mandibular teeth when in contact is called the occlusal relationship and the teeth are said to be in 'occlusion'. The term occlusion defines no precise or specific tooth contact nor does it infer any particular quality of interarch contact; it defines nothing more than the existence of a state of interarch tooth contact. The teeth out of contact are said to be in 'disclusion’. In the absence of any interventive therapy such as orthodontic care, the adult interarch relationship occurs principally as a result of the individual's genetic status, but can be influenced by habitual, pathological and iatrogenic factors with the result that an individual's occlusal rela­tionship is unique. As such, the term normal occlusion is used to define an occlusal relationship generally consid­ered to satisfy the requirements of function and aesthetics, to which the individual has adapted satisfactorily, but which may exhibit minor irregularities of harmonious tooth contact. Malocclusion defines an occlusal relationship that does not fulfil the ideal harmony of an ideal occlusion. In the absence of a pathological component, malocclusion may be considered to be normal.

The deflective contact has been presented as an example of an occlusal interference. An occlusal interference may be defined as any occlusal contact that gives rise to disharmony in the free gliding movements of the mandible whilst it maintains occlusion with the maxilla. If the cusp-fossae pattern is altered, e.g. by tooth migration, over-eruption or inappropriate restoration the functioning cusps will collide, the resultant contact being described as an occlusal interference.

It has been previously stated that the majority of indi­viduals exhibit some degree of occlusal interference to which they adapt satisfactorily with no significant prob­lems. Indeed, normal occlusion has been described as a malocclusion in which the requirements of function and aesthetics are satisfied but the individual has adapted satisfactorily to minor occlusal interferences.

Occlusal interferences are only considered significant if they are associated with a degenerative or pathological condition, such as tooth fracture, mobility or excessive wear. It is generally accepted that an individual's ability to adapt to the presence of occlusal interferences is strongly influenced by emotional and psychological state.

An occlusal contact on the non-working side that causes either disclusion of the teeth on the working side or displacement or pathology of teeth on the the non-working side is termed a non-working interference. An occlusal contact on the working side that disrupts the smooth harmonious movement of the functioning tooth contacts is termed a working interference.