3.3. Complete the gaps with synonyms of the words in brackets. Suitable synonyms were used in the text (but not always in the same grammatical form).

One reason why life in the developing countries _______ (is deteriorating) is because a movement of population away from _______ (country) areas _______ (has occurred). Unable to _______ (supply) themselves with more than the most basic necessities through farming, people have gone to the towns and cities expecting to find jobs, of which there are _______ (not enough). The results are _______ (catastrophic): poverty in the shanty towns is even more intolerable than it was in the country, and the exodus from the country means that even less food is produced. The way _______ (to abolish) poverty is to teach people to farm more productively so they do not move _______ (unnecessarily) to the towns.

3.4.  Read the following passage carefully and summarize what it says about official government aid from a rich to a poor country.

The world can currently be split into four groups of nations: the First World, consisting of the industrialized West; the Second World, consisting of the industrialized countries of the former communist block; the Third World, meaning the developing countries with natural resources with which to build up their economies; the Fourth World, referring to the very poor under-developed countries with few or no natural resources.

Development aid flows from the industrialized nations to the countries of the Third and Fourth Worlds and is of two kinds: firstly, official development assistance provided by governments; secondly, assistance from private charitable organizations. The latter may be in the form of disaster relief after an earthquake or flood, or of permanent projects, for example in the sponsorship by private individuals in the West of children's education in poor countries. This aid is not repaid, whereas the former, paid by one government to another, usually has at least some strings attached.

Official development aid can be divided into two categories: financial aid in the form of loans or grants to finance development projects such as hydro-electric dams and pay for the equipment necessary to develop existing industries or create new ones; and technical assistance, normally on grant terms in the form of expert personnel and training equipment to transfer skills and expertise to the recipient countries. Some of this aid is usually dependent on the recipient country purchasing the necessary equipment from the donor country. Britain provides 50% of its loans and grants on this basis, with the alternative that equipment may be purchased from other developing countries with a per capita income of less than $ 200 per year.

Inevitably, official development aid also has political implications as nations try to expand their influence in the world. A country receiving aid may be strategically important and therefore worth helping, or it may possess essential natural resources. In Britain's case, the Commonwealth countries and her remaining dependencies receive the lion's share of her aid fund. Development aid is a small cog in the wheel of international politics.