Module 3 unit 6. History of printing workbook

Task 1. Match the words with their definitions.

Compromise	areas of hair that have been made a lighter colour than the rest
shade	a process in which you test a new idea or method to see if it is useful or effective
symbol	a sensible way of judging and comparing situations so that you do not imagine that something is more serious than it really is
layout	a soft steady light
solid	a person who makes a drawing (technical or otherwise)
substance	a solution to a problem in which two things or situations are changed slightly so that they can exist together
glow	a difference between things that are being compared
fumes	almost solid, and therefore flowing very slowly, or not flowing at all
experiment	a sign that represents something
perspective	the way in which writing and pictures are arranged on a page
demonstration	the dark places in a picture
highlights	a particular type of solid, liquid, or gas
drafter	strong-smelling gas or smoke that is unpleasant to breathe in
thick	strong and well made
contrast	an act of showing how to do something or how something works

Task 2. Fill in the gaps in the text with the words from the box.

digital, visual, cultural, inked, earliest, deliberate, objective, notable, essential, prehistoric

Graphics

Graphics are 1) __________ presentations on some surface, such as a wall, canvas, screen, paper, or stone to brand, inform, illustrate, or entertain. Examples are photographs, drawings, Line Art, graphs, diagrams, typography, numbers, symbols, geometric designs, maps, engineering drawings, or other images. Graphics often combine text, illustration, and colour. Graphic design may consist of the 2) ____________ selection, creation, or arrangement of typography alone, as in a brochure, flier, poster, web site, or book without any other element. Clarity or effective communication may be the 3) ______________, association with other 4) ____________ elements may be sought, or merely, the creation of a distinctive style.

Graphics can be functional or artistic. The latter can be a recorded version, such as a photograph, or an interpretation by a scientist to highlight 5) _________ features, or an artist, in which case the distinction with imaginary graphics may become blurred.

The 6) ____________ graphics known to anthropologists studying 7) ___________ periods are cave paintings and markings on boulders, bone, ivory, and antlers, which were created during the Upper Palaeolithic period from 40,000–10,000 B.C. or earlier. Many of these were found to record astronomical, seasonal, and chronological details. Some of the earliest graphics and drawings known to the modern world, from almost 6,000 years ago, are that of engraved stone tablets and ceramic cylinder seals, marking the beginning of the historic periods and the keeping of records for accounting and inventory purposes.

In art, "graphics" is often used to distinguish work in a monotone and made up of lines, as opposed to painting.

Drawing generally involves making marks on a surface by applying pressure from a tool, or moving a tool across a surface. Common tools are graphite pencils, pen and ink, 8) ___________ brushes, wax colour pencils, crayons, charcoals, pastels, and markers. 9) ___________ tools which simulate the effects of these are also used. The main techniques used in drawing are line drawing, hatching, crosshatching, random hatching, scribbling, stippling, blending, and shading.

Drawing is generally considered distinct from painting, in which coloured pigments are suspended in a liquid medium and are usually applied with a brush. 10) ____________ great drawers include Michelangelo, Rembrandt, Raphael and Leonardo da Vinci.

Many people choose drawing as a main art style, or they may use it to make sketches for paintings, sculptures and other types of art. The other term is Engineering Graphics, preferably the language of engineers that simulates Three Dimensional capability of engineer to plan and Implement his ideas. It comprises Projection, Development, Perspective, Section, Intersection, and Isometric ideations.