- •Apothecary
- •History
- •Other Mentions In Creative Literature
- •Noted Apothecaries
- •See also
- •References
- •Overview
- •Etymology
- •Function
- •Examples
- •See also
- •References
- •Clinical pharmacy
- •[Edit] See also
- •[Edit] References
- •[Edit] External links
- •Compounding
- •History
- •New England Compounding Center incident
- •Roles During research and development
- •Patients with unique or unusual medication needs
- •Personalized medicine and polypharmacy
- •Recent trends
- •Regulation in the United States
- •Analogy to "off-label" use
- •Drug testing and reporting of incidents
- •Criticism
- •Regulation in Australia
- •See also
- •References
- •External links
- •Consultant pharmacist
- •United States
- •United Kingdom
- •See also
- •External links
- •Etymology
- •Medication
- •Spiritual and religious use
- •Self-improvement
- •Recreational drug use
- •Administering drugs
- •See also
- •References
- •Health care
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- •Related sectors
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- •Health information technology
- •See also
- •Herbalism
- •History
- •Ancient times
- •Middle Ages
- •Early modern era
- •Modern herbal medicine
- •Biological background
- •Clinical tests
- •Prevalence of use
- •Herbal preparations
- •Practitioners
- •Government regulations
- •Traditional herbal medicine systems
- •Herbal philosophy and spiritual practices
- •Uses of herbal medicines by animals
- •Extinction of medicinal plant species
- •See also
- •References
- •Further reading
- •History of pharmacy
- •Prehistoric pharmacy
- •Antiquity
- •Middle Ages
- •See also
- •References
- •Hospice
- •History Early development
- •Rise of the modern hospice movement
- •Hospice care
- •North America Canada
- •United States
- •United Kingdom
- •Other nations
- •See also
- •Further reading
- •External links
- •Hospital pharmacy
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- •See also
- •External links
- •Hospital
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- •General
- •District
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- •Teaching
- •Clinics
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- •History Early examples
- •Roman Empire
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- •Funding
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- •See also
- •References
- •Bibliography
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- •Medical education
- •Entry-level education
- •Postgraduate education
- •Continuing medical education
- •Online learning
- •Example of medical education systems
- •Medical Education Journals
- •See also
- •References
- •External links
- •Medical ethics
- •History
- •Values in medical ethics
- •Autonomy
- •Beneficence
- •Non-Maleficence
- •Double effect
- •Conflicts between autonomy and beneficence/non-maleficence
- •Euthanasia
- •Informed consent
- •Confidentiality
- •Criticisms of orthodox medical ethics
- •Importance of communication
- •Control and resolution
- •Guidelines
- •Ethics committees
- •Medical ethics in an online world
- •Cultural concerns
- •Truth-telling
- •Online business practices
- •Conflicts of interest
- •Referral
- •Vendor relationships
- •Treatment of family members
- •Sexual relationships
- •Futility
- •Sources and references
- •External links
- •Medical psychology
- •Behavioral medicine
- •Certifications
- •References
- •See also
- •External links
- •Institutions
- •Branches
- •Basic sciences
- •'Medicine' as a specialty
- •Diagnostic specialties
- •Other major specialties
- •Interdisciplinary fields
- •Education
- •Medical ethics
- •Legal controls
- •Criticism of modern medicine
- •Honors and awards
- •History
- •Ancient world
- •Middle ages
- •Patron saints
- •Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- •Background
- •Nomination and selection
- •Diplomas
- •Award money
- •Ceremony and banquet
- •Laureates
- •Time factor and death
- •Controversial inclusions and exclusions
- •Limits on number of awardees
- •Years without awards
- •References
- •Bibliography
- •[Edit] External links
- •Online pharmacy
- •Home delivery
- •Risks and concerns
- •Discussion
- •International consumers
- •U.S. Consumers
- •Overseas online pharmacies and u.S. Law
- •Enforcement
- •Mail fraud
- •Uk consumers
- •See also
- •References
- •External links
- •Pharmacist
- •Nature of the work
- •Education and credentialing
- •Practice specialization
- •Training and practice by country
- •Australia
- •Japan History
- •Contemporary
- •Tanzania
- •United Kingdom
- •Education and registration
- •Vietnam
- •United States
- •Pharmacy School Accreditation
- •Education
- •Specialization and credentialing
- •Earnings and wages
- •Noted people who were pharmacists
- •See also
- •References
- •Further reading
- •External links
- •Pharmacognosy
- •Introduction
- •Issues in phytotherapy
- •Constituents and drug synergysm
- •Herb and drug interactions
- •Natural products chemistry
- •Loss of biodiversity
- •Sustainable sources of plant and animal drugs
- •Acceptance in the United States
- •External links
- •References
- •Pharmacology
- •Divisions
- •Environmental pharmacology
- •Scientific background
- •Medicine development and safety testing
- •Drug legislation and safety
- •Education
- •See also
- •Footnotes
- •[Edit] External links
- •Pharmacopoeia
- •Etymology
- •History
- •City pharmacopoeia
- •National pharmacopoeia
- •International pharmacopoeia
- •Medical preparations, uses and dosages
- •See also
- •References
- •External links
- •Pharmacy automation
- •History
- •Chronology
- •Global variations
- •Current state of the industry
- •Technological changes and design improvements
- •Other pharmacy-dispensing concerns besides counting
- •Future development
- •Liquid Oral doses (Childs, aging, oncology...)
- •Repackaging process and stability data
- •See also
- •References
- •External links
- •Videos of robots in action
- •Pharmacy technician
- •See also
- •References
- •External links
- •Pharmacy
- •Disciplines
- •Professionals
- •Pharmacists
- •Pharmacy technicians
- •History
- •Types of pharmacy practice areas
- •Community pharmacy
- •Hospital pharmacy
- •Clinical pharmacy
- •Ambulatory care pharmacy
- •Compounding pharmacy
- •Consultant pharmacy
- •Internet pharmacy
- •Veterinary pharmacy
- •Nuclear pharmacy
- •Military pharmacy
- •Pharmacy informatics
- •Issues in pharmacy Separation of prescribing from dispensing
- •The future of pharmacy
- •Pharmacy journals
- •See also
- •Symbols
- •References
- •External links
- •Philosophy of healthcare
- •Ethics of healthcare
- •Medical ethics
- •Nursing ethics
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- •Political philosophy of healthcare
- •Patients' Bill of Rights
- •Health insurance
- •Research and scholarship
- •Clinical trials
- •Quality assurance
- •Birth and death Reproductive rights
- •Birth and living
- •Death and dying
- •Role development
- •See also
- •References
- •External links
External links
FDA Enforcement Policy Regarding the Personal Importation of Violative Drugs (unapproved drugs in the US) — US Customs and Border Protection
Most Online Pharmacies Fake, FDA Warns Oct 02,2012 WebMD Health News
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Online_pharmacy&oldid=532039267"
Pharmacist
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For the precursor profession, see Apothecary.
The mortar and pestle is an international symbol of pharmacists and pharmacies.
Pharmacists, also known as druggists or chemists, are healthcare professionals who practice in pharmacy, the field of health sciences focusing on safe and effective medication use. The role of the pharmacist has shifted from the classical "lick, stick, and pour" dispensary role (that is, "lick & stick the labels, count the pills & pour liquids"), to being an integrated member of the health care team directly involved in patient care.[1][2] Pharmacists undergo university-level education to understand biochemical mechanisms of action of drugs, drug uses and therapeutic roles, side effects, potential drug interactions, and monitoring parameters. This is mated to education in anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology. Professional interpretation and communication of this specialized knowledge to patients, physicians, and other health care providers are functions which pharmacists provide, and are central to the provision of safe and effective drug therapy.
Among other licensing requirements, different countries require pharmacists to hold either a Bachelor of Pharmacy or Doctor of Pharmacy degree.
The most common pharmacist positions are that of a community pharmacist (also referred to as "retail pharmacist", "first-line pharmacist" or "dispensing chemist"), or a hospital pharmacist, where they instruct and counsel on the proper use and adverse effects of medically prescribed drugs and medicines.[3][4][5] In most countries, the profession is subject to professional regulation. Depending on the legal scope of practice, pharmacists may contribute to prescribing (also referred to as "pharmacist prescriber") and administering certain medications (e.g. immunizations) in some jurisdictions. Pharmacists may also practice in a variety of other settings, including industry, wholesaling, research, academia, military, and government.
Nature of the work
See also: Pharmacy
Historically, the fundamental role of pharmacists as a healthcare practitioner was to distribute drugs to doctors for medication that had been prescribed to patients. In more modern times, pharmacists advise patients and health care providers on the selection, dosages, interactions, and side effects of medications, and act as a learned intermediary between a prescriber and a patient. Pharmacists monitor the health and progress of patients to ensure the safe and effective use of medication. Pharmacists may practice compounding; however, many medicines are now produced by pharmaceutical companies in a standard dosage and drug delivery form. In some jurisdictions, pharmacists have prescriptive authority to either independently prescribe under their own authority or in collaboration with a primary care physician through an agreed upon protocol.[6]
Increased numbers of drug therapies, ageing but more knowledgeable and demanding populations, and deficiencies in other areas of the health care system seem to be driving increased demand for the clinical counselling skills of the pharmacist.[1] One of the most important roles that pharmacists are currently taking on is one of pharmaceutical care.[7] Pharmaceutical care involves taking direct responsibility for patients and their disease states, medications, and the management of each in order to improve the outcome for each individual patient. Pharmaceutical care has many benefits that may include but are not limited to: decreased medication errors; increased patient compliance in medication regimen; better chronic disease state management; strong pharmacist-patient relationship; and decreased long-term costs of medical care.
Pharmacists are often the first point-of-contact for patients with health inquiries. Thus pharmacists have a significant role in assessing medication management in patients, and in referring patients to physicians. These roles may include, but are not limited to:
clinical medication management, including reviewing and monitoring of medication regimens
assessment of patients with undiagnosed or diagnosed conditions, and ascertaining clinical medication management needs
specialized monitoring of disease states, such as dosing drugs in renal and hepatic failure
compounding medicines
providing pharmaceutical information
providing patients with health monitoring and advice, including advice and treatment of common ailments and disease states
supervising pharmacy technicians and other staff
oversight of dispensing medicines on prescription
provision of non-prescription or over-the-counter drugs
education and counseling for patients and other health care providers on optimal use of medicines (e.g. proper use, avoidance of overmedication)
referrals to other health professionals if necessary
pharmacokinetic evaluation
promoting public health by administering immunizations