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Файл:Network Intrusion Detection, Third Edition.pdf
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- •Network Intrusion Detection, Third Edition
- •Table of Contents
- •Copyright
- •About the Authors
- •About the Technical Reviewers
- •Acknowledgments
- •Tell Us What You Think
- •Introduction
- •Chapter 1. IP Concepts
- •Layers
- •Data Flow
- •Packaging (Beyond Paper or Plastic)
- •Bits, Bytes, and Packets
- •Encapsulation Revisited
- •Interpretation of the Layers
- •Addresses
- •Physical Addresses, Media Access Controller Addresses
- •Logical Addresses, IP Addresses
- •Subnet Masks
- •Service Ports
- •IP Protocols
- •Domain Name System
- •Routing: How You Get There from Here
- •Summary
- •Chapter 2. Introduction to TCPdump and TCP
- •TCPdump
- •TCPdump Behavior
- •Filters
- •Binary Collection
- •TCPdump Output
- •Absolute and Relative Sequence Numbers
- •Dumping in Hexadecimal
- •Introduction to TCP
- •Establishing a TCP Connection
- •Server and Client Ports
- •Connection Termination
- •The Graceful Method
- •The Abrupt Method
- •Data Transfer
- •What's the Bottom Line?
- •TCP Gone Awry
- •An ACK Scan
- •A Telnet Scan?
- •TCP Session Hijacking
- •Summary
- •Chapter 3. Fragmentation
- •Theory of Fragmentation
- •All Aboard the Fragment Train
- •The Fragment Dining Car
- •The Fragment Caboose
- •Viewing Fragmentation Using TCPdump
- •Fragmentation and Packet-Filtering Devices
- •The Don't Fragment Flag
- •Malicious Fragmentation
- •TCP Header Fragments
- •Teardrop
- •Summary
- •Chapter 4. ICMP
- •ICMP Theory
- •Why Do You Need ICMP?
- •Where Does ICMP Fit In?
- •Understanding ICMP
- •Summary of ICMP Theory
- •Mapping Techniques
- •Tireless Mapper
- •Efficient Mapper
- •Clever Mapper
- •Cerebral Mapper
- •Summary of Mapping
- •Normal ICMP Activity
- •Host Unreachable
- •Port Unreachable
- •Admin Prohibited
- •Need to Frag
- •Time Exceeded In-Transit
- •Embedded Information in ICMP Error Messages
- •Summary of Normal ICMP
- •Malicious ICMP Activity
- •Smurf Attack
- •Tribe Flood Network
- •WinFreeze
- •Loki
- •Unsolicited ICMP Echo Replies
- •Theory 1: Spoofing
- •Theory 2: TFN
- •Theory 3: Loki
- •Summary of Malicious ICMP Traffic
- •To Block or Not to Block
- •Unrequited ICMP Echo Requests
- •Kiss traceroute Goodbye
- •Silence of the LANs
- •Broken Path MTU Discovery
- •Summary
- •Chapter 5. Stimulus and Response
- •The Expected
- •Request for Comments
- •TCP Stimulus-Response
- •Destination Host Listens on Requested Port
- •Destination Host Not Listening on Requested Port
- •Destination Host Doesn't Exist
- •Destination Port Blocked
- •Destination Port Blocked, Router Doesn't Respond
- •UDP Stimulus-Response
- •Destination Host Listening on Requested Port
- •Destination Host Not Listening on Requested Port
- •Windows tracert
- •TCPdump of tracert
- •Protocol Benders
- •Active FTP
- •Passive FTP
- •UNIX Traceroute
- •Summary of Expected Behavior and Protocol Benders
- •Abnormal Stimuli
- •Evasion Stimulus, Lack of Response
- •Evil Stimulus, Fatal Response
- •No Stimulus, All Response
- •Unconventional Stimulus, Operating System Identifying Response
- •Bogus "Reserved" TCP Flags
- •Anomalous TCP Flag Combinations
- •No TCP Flags
- •Summary of Abnormal Stimuli
- •Summary
- •Chapter 6. DNS
- •Back to Basics: DNS Theory
- •The Structure of DNS
- •Steppin' Out on the Internet
- •DNS Resolution Process
- •TCPdump Output of Resolution
- •Strange TCPdump Notation
- •Caching: Been There, Done That
- •Reverse Lookups
- •Master and Slave Name Servers
- •Zone Transfers
- •Summary of DNS Theory
- •Using DNS for Reconnaissance
- •The nslookup Command
- •Name That Name Server
- •HINFO: Snooping for Details
- •List Zone Map Information
- •Tainting DNS Responses
- •A Weak Link
- •Cache Poisoning
- •Summary
- •Part II: Traffic Analysis
- •Chapter 7. Packet Dissection Using TCPdump
- •Why Learn to Do Packet Dissection?
- •Sidestep DNS Queries
- •Normal Query
- •Evasive Query
- •Introduction to Packet Dissection Using TCPdump
- •Where Does the IP Stop and the Embedded Protocol Begin?
- •Other Length Fields
- •The IP Datagram Length
- •Increasing the Snaplen
- •Dissecting the Whole Packet
- •Freeware Tools for Packet Dissection
- •Ethereal
- •tcpshow
- •Summary
- •Chapter 8. Examining IP Header Fields
- •Insertion and Evasion Attacks
- •Insertion Attacks
- •Evasion Attacks
- •IP Header Fields
- •IP Version Number
- •Protocol Number
- •The Don't Fragment (DF) Flag
- •The More Fragments (MF) Flag
- •Mapping Using Incomplete Fragments
- •IP Numbers
- •IP Identification Number
- •Time to Live (TTL)
- •Looking at the IP ID and TTL Values Together to Discover Spoofing
- •IP Checksums
- •Summary
- •Chapter 9. Examining Embedded Protocol Header Fields
- •Ports
- •TCP Checksums
- •TCP Sequence Numbers
- •Acknowledgement Numbers
- •TCP Flags
- •TCP Corruption
- •ECN Flag Bits
- •Operating System Fingerprinting
- •Retransmissions
- •Using Retransmissions Against a Hostile Host—LaBrea Tarpit Version 1
- •TCP Window Size
- •LaBrea Version 2
- •Ports
- •UDP Port Scanning
- •UDP Length Field
- •ICMP
- •Type and Code
- •Identification and Sequence Numbers
- •Misuse of ICMP Identification and Sequence Numbers
- •Summary
- •Chapter 10. Real-World Analysis
- •You've Been Hacked!
- •Netbus Scan
- •How Slow Can you Go?
- •RingZero Worm
- •Summary
- •Chapter 11. Mystery Traffic
- •The Event in a Nutshell
- •The Traffic
- •DDoS or Scan
- •Source Hosts
- •Destination Hosts
- •Scanning Rates
- •Fingerprinting Participant Hosts
- •Arriving TTL Values
- •TCP Window Size
- •TCP Options
- •TCP Retries
- •Summary
- •Part III: Filters/Rules for Network Monitoring
- •Chapter 12. Writing TCPdump Filters
- •The Mechanics of Writing TCPdump Filters
- •Bit Masking
- •Preserving and Discarding Individual Bits
- •Creating the Mask
- •Putting It All Together
- •TCPdump IP Filters
- •Detecting Traffic to the Broadcast Addresses
- •Detecting Fragmentation
- •TCPdump UDP Filters
- •TCPdump TCP Filters
- •Filters for Examining TCP Flags
- •Detecting Data on SYN Connections
- •Summary
- •Chapter 13. Introduction to Snort and Snort Rules
- •An Overview of Running Snort
- •Snort Rules
- •Snort Rule Anatomy
- •Rule Header Fields
- •The Action Field
- •The Protocol Field
- •The Source and Destination IP Address Fields
- •The Source and Destination Port Field
- •Direction Indicator
- •Summary
- •Chapter 14. Snort Rules - Part II
- •Format of Snort Options
- •Rule Options
- •Msg Option
- •Logto Option
- •Ttl Option
- •Id Option
- •Dsize Option
- •Sequence Option
- •Acknowledgement Option
- •Itype and Icode Options
- •Flags Option
- •Content Option
- •Offset Option
- •Depth Option
- •Nocase Option
- •Regex Option
- •Session Option
- •Resp Option
- •Tag Option
- •Putting It All Together
- •Summary
- •Part IV: Intrusion Infrastructure
- •Chapter 15. Mitnick Attack
- •Exploiting TCP
- •IP Weaknesses
- •SYN Flooding
- •Covering His Tracks
- •Identifying Trust Relationships
- •Examining Network Traces
- •Setting Up the System Compromise?
- •Detecting the Mitnick Attack
- •Trust Relationship
- •Port Scan
- •Host Scan
- •Connections to Dangerous Ports
- •TCP Wrappers
- •Tripwire
- •Preventing the Mitnick Attack
- •Summary
- •Chapter 16. Architectural Issues
- •Events of Interest
- •Limits to Observation
- •Human Factors Limit Detects
- •Limitations Caused by the Analyst
- •Limitations Caused by the CIRTs
- •Severity
- •Criticality
- •Lethality
- •Countermeasures
- •Calculating Severity
- •Scanning for Trojans
- •Analysis
- •Severity
- •Host Scan Against FTP
- •Analysis
- •Severity
- •Sensor Placement
- •Outside Firewall
- •Sensors Inside Firewall
- •Both Inside and Outside Firewall
- •Analyst Console
- •Faster Console
- •False Positive Management
- •Display Filters
- •Mark as Analyzed
- •Drill Down
- •Correlation
- •Better Reporting
- •Event-Detection Reports
- •Weekly/Monthly Summary Reports
- •Summary
- •Chapter 17. Organizational Issues
- •Organizational Security Model
- •Security Policy
- •Industry Practice for Due Care
- •Security Infrastructure
- •Implementing Priority Countermeasures
- •Periodic Reviews
- •Implementing Incident Handling
- •Defining Risk
- •Risk
- •Accepting the Risk
- •Trojan Version
- •Malicious Connections
- •Mitigating or Reducing the Risk
- •Network Attack
- •Snatch and Run
- •Transferring the Risk
- •Defining the Threat
- •Recognition of Uncertainty
- •Risk Management Is Dollar Driven
- •How Risky Is a Risk?
- •Quantitative Risk Assessment
- •Qualitative Risk Assessments
- •Why They Don't Work
- •Summary
- •Chapter 18. Automated and Manual Response
- •Automated Response
- •Architectural Issues
- •Response at the Internet Connection
- •Internal Firewalls
- •Host-Based Defenses
- •Throttling
- •Drop Connection
- •Shun
- •Proactive Shunning
- •Islanding
- •Reset
- •Honeypot
- •Proxy System
- •Empty System
- •Honeypot Summary
- •Manual Response
- •Containment
- •Freeze the Scene
- •Sample Fax Form
- •On-Site Containment
- •Site Survey
- •System Containment
- •Hot Search
- •Eradication
- •Recovery
- •Lessons Learned
- •Summary
- •Chapter 19. Business Case for Intrusion Detection
- •Part One: Management Issues
- •Bang for the Buck
- •The Expenditure Is Finite
- •Technology Used to Destabilize
- •Network Impacts
- •IDS Behavioral Modification
- •The Policy
- •Part of a Larger Strategy
- •Part Two: Threats and Vulnerabilities
- •Threat Assessment and Analysis
- •Threat Vectors
- •Threat Determination
- •Asset Identification
- •Valuation
- •Vulnerability Analysis
- •Risk Evaluation
- •Part Three: Tradeoffs and Recommended Solution
- •Identify What Is in Place
- •Identify Your Recommendations
- •Identify Options for Countermeasures
- •Cost-Benefit Analysis
- •Follow-On Steps
- •Repeat the Executive Summary
- •Summary
- •Chapter 20. Future Directions
- •Increasing Threat
- •Improved Targeting
- •How the Threat Will Be Manifested
- •Defending Against the Threat
- •Skills Versus Tools
- •Analysts Skill Set
- •Improved Tools
- •Defense in Depth
- •Emerging Techniques
- •Virus Industry Revisited
- •Smart Auditors
- •Summary
- •Part V: Appendixes
- •Appendix A. Exploits and Scans to Apply Exploits
- •False Positives
- •All Response, No Stimulus
- •Scan or Response?
- •SYN Floods
- •Valid SYN Flood
- •False Positive SYN Flood
- •Back Orifice?
- •IMAP Exploits
- •10143 Signature Source Port IMAP
- •111 Signature IMAP
- •Source Port 0, SYN and FIN Set
- •Source Port 65535 and SYN FIN Set
- •DNS Zone Followed by 0, SYN FIN Targeting NFS
- •Scans to Apply Exploits
- •mscan
- •Son of mscan
- •Access Builder?
- •Single Exploit, Portmap
- •rexec
- •Targeting SGI Systems?
- •Discard
- •Weird Web Scans
- •IP-Proto-191
- •Summary
- •Appendix B. Denial of Service
- •Brute-Force Denial-of-Service Traces
- •Smurf
- •Directed Broadcast
- •Echo-Chargen
- •Elegant Kills
- •Teardrop
- •Land Attack
- •We're Doomed
- •nmap
- •Distributed Denial-of-Service Attacks
- •Intro to DDoS
- •DDoS Software
- •Trinoo
- •Stacheldraht
- •Summary
- •Appendix C. Detection of Intelligence Gathering
- •Network and Host Mapping
- •Host Scan Using UDP Echo Requests
- •Netmask-Based Broadcasts
- •Port Scan
- •Scanning for a Particular Port
- •Complex Script, Possible Compromise
- •"Random" Port Scan
- •Database Correlation Report
- •SNMP/ICMP
- •FTP Bounce
- •NetBIOS-Specific Traces
- •A Visit from a Web Server
- •Null Session
- •Stealth Attacks
- •Explicit Stealth Mapping Techniques
- •FIN Scan
- •Inverse Mapping
- •Answers to Domain Queries
- •Answers to Domain Queries, Part 2
- •Fragments, Just Fragments
- •Measuring Response Time
- •Echo Requests
- •Actual DNS Queries
- •Probe on UDP Port 33434
- •3DNS to TCP Port 53
- •Worms as Information Gatherers
- •Pretty Park Worm
- •RingZero
- •Summary
prober - - [11/Dec/1998:15:28:26 -0500] "GET /cgi-bin/phf/ HTTP/1.0" 404 165 prober - - [11/Dec/1998:15:28:26 -0500] "GET /cgi-bin/php.cgi/ HTTP/1.0" 404 169
prober - - [11/Dec/1998:15:28:26 -0500] "GET /cgi-bin/campas/ HTTP/1.0" 404 168
prober - - [11/Dec/1998:15:28:26 -0500] "GET /cgi-bin/htmlscript/ HTTP/1.0" 404 172
prober - - [11/Dec/1998:15:28:27 -0500] "GET /cgi-bin/aglimpse/ HTTP/1.0" 404 170
prober - - [11/Dec/1998:15:28:27 -0500] "GET /cgi-bin/websendmail/ HTTP/1.0" 404 173
prober - - [11/Dec/1998:15:28:27 -0500] "GET /cgi-bin/view-source/ HTTP/1.0" 404 173
prober - - [11/Dec/1998:15:28:27 -0500] "GET /cgi-bin/handler/ HTTP/1.0" 404 169
prober - - [11/Dec/1998:15:28:28 -0500] "GET /cgi-bin/webdist.cgi/ HTTP/1.0" 404 173
prober - - [11/Dec/1998:15:28:28 -0500] "GET /cgi-bin/pfdispaly.cgi/ HTTP/1.0" 404 175
prober - - [11/Dec/1998:15:29:50 -0500] "GET /cgi-bin/phf/ HTTP/1.0" 404 165 prober - - [11/Dec/1998:15:29:51 -0500] "GET /cgi-bin/php.cgi/ HTTP/1.0" 404 169
prober - - [11/Dec/1998:15:29:51 -0500] "GET /cgi-bin/campas/ HTTP/1.0" 404 168
prober - - [11/Dec/1998:15:29:51 -0500] "GET /cgi-bin/htmlscript/ HTTP/1.0" 404 172
prober - - [11/Dec/1998:15:29:52 -0500] "GET /cgi-bin/aglimpse/ HTTP/1.0" 404 170
prober - - [11/Dec/1998:15:29:52 -0500] "GET /cgi-bin/websendmail/ HTTP/1.0" 404 173
prober - - [11/Dec/1998:15:29:52 -0500] "GET /cgi-bin/view-source/ HTTP/1.0" 404 173
prober - - [11/Dec/1998:15:29:52 -0500] "GET /cgi-bin/handler/ HTTP/1.0" 404 169
prober - - [11/Dec/1998:15:29:53 -0500] "GET /cgi-bin/webdist.cgi/ HTTP/1.0" 404 173
prober - - [11/Dec/1998:15:29:53 -0500] "GET /cgi-bin/pfdispaly.cgi/ HTTP/1.0" 404 175
IP-Proto-191
To the very best of my understanding, this cannot be an exploit and probably isn't an immediate prelude to one. I wanted to include it, however, because IP protocol types that are not TCP, UDP, or ICMP are not that uncommon as scans.
What is ip-proto-191? Durned if I know. An 8-bit protocol field in the IP header was set to 191:
00:32:28.164183 prober > 192.168.0.255: ip-proto-191 48 00:32:28.164663 192.168.4.5 > prober: icmp:192.168.0.255 unreach 00:32:30.192825 prober > 192.168.1.255: ip-proto-191 48 00:32:33.203521 prober > 192.168.2.255: ip-proto-191 48 00:32:36.219821 prober > 192.168.3.255: ip-proto-191 48 00:32:36.220302 192.168.4.5 > prober: icmp:192.168.3.255 unreach 00:32:38.243973 prober > 255.255.255.255: ip-proto-191 48 00:32:41.254622 prober > 192.168.5.255: ip-proto-191 48 00:32:44.262961 prober > 192.168.6.255: ip-proto-191 48 00:32:47.276258 prober > 192.168.7.255: ip-proto-191 48 00:32:50.285609 prober > 192.168.8.255: ip-proto-191 48
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