English для юристов. Гончар

Part ІI. BASIC COURSE

2)The definition of some legal terms vary … one legal system to another.

3)The judge sentenced my neighbour to punishment … the crime which he hadn’t committed.

4)The State of Louisiana has a Roman civil form of law which derives … its days as a French colony?

5)This decision was repealed ... the Constitutional Court.

6)One of the two accused men were tried … an offense at yesterday’s trial.

7)In Ukraine … the last eight years the movement of law reform has made considerable progress.

8)The judicial decision was based … the Criminal Code of the country.The judge sentenced the other accused man … two years in prison.

BUILD UP YOUR VOCABULARY

5.Here are some words connected with law and crime. If necessary, use a dictionary to help you check that you understand what they all mean. Then divide them into three groups, in what seems to you to be the most logical way.

theft	member of a jury	judge	statute
juvenile delinquency	sentencing	rehabilitation	bribery
investigator	terrorism	omission	arson
probation	detective	death penalty	code
drunken driving	traffic warden	aggravated assault	rape
malfeasance	lawyer	conspiracy	precedent
treason	burglary	lawyer	fine

6.Crime. Put each of the following words and phrases into its correct place in the passage below.

bigamy	civil	classes	community
countries	crimes	criminal law	felony
fine	forgery	laws	life imprisonment
misdemeanour	offences	punishment	person
prison	state	term	treason

Crime

Crime violates the laws of a community, ..... or nation. It is puni5 shable in accordance with these ..... . «The definition of crime varies

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according to time and place, but the laws of most .....					consider as crimes
such .....	as arson, ...... burglary, ....., murder, and .....				.
Not all offences against the law are .....				. The laws that set down the
punishments for crimes form the ..... .			This law defines as crimes those
offences considered most harmful to the .....				. On the other hand, a .....
may wrong someone else in some other way that offends the .....						law.
The common law recognizes three .....				of crime: treason, ....., and
misdemeanour. Death or .....		is the usual .....		for treason. Laws in the

United States, for example, define a felony as a crime that is punishable

by a .....	of one year or more in a state or federal ..... .			A person who
commits a .....		may be punished by a .....	or a jail term of less than one
year.

7.Make a plan of the text in the form of questions and ask your friends to answer them.

Post reading tasks

1.Here are some more crimes. Complete the table if necessary consult the dictionary.

crime	criminal	verb	definition
terrorism	..............................	.............................. ..............................
blackmail	..............................	.............................. ..............................
drug-trafficking	..............................	.............................. ..............................
forgery	..............................	.............................. ..............................
assault	..............................	.............................. ..............................
pickpocketing	..............................	.............................. ..............................
mugging	..............................	.............................. ..............................

2. Give the name of the defined law breaker.

1. steals	a _ _ _ _ _
2. steals purses and wallets	a _ _ _ k _ _ _ _ _
3. gets money by threatening to
disclosepersonal information	a _ _ _ _ k _ _ _ _ _ _ _
4. seizes aeroplanes	a _ _ j _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
5. takes things from a shop
without paying	a _ _ _ _ _ I _ _ _ _ _ _
6. kills people	a _ _ r _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
7. steals from houses or offices	a _ _ _ g _ _ _ _ _

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Part ІI. BASIC COURSE

8. steals from banks or trains	a _ _ b _ _ _
9. takes people hostage for a ranson	a _ _ _ n _ _ _ _ _
10. steals government secrets	a _ _ _
11. wilfully destroys property	a v _ _ _ _ _
12. marries illegally while being married	a b ._ _ _ _ _ _ _
already

3. Put these words and phrases from the text in the correct box.

murder			Crimes against	Crimes involving
rape			people	things or property
sexual assault
assault causing
grievous
bodily harm
mugging
robbery
burglary
euthanasia
car theft
homicide
arson blackmail	child abuse embezzlement
	kidnap
fraud pickpocketing		shoplifting stealing

4.Explain what two important elements to every crime there usually must be. (To help: Actus Reus and Mens Rea).

5.Game «Just a minute». Here are the phrases of three people discussing one of the problems/ crimes. What crime are they talking about?

—«smoking in public places»

—«a lucky escape from the place of the fire»

—«He has more than one wife»

—«He stole her briefcase from her car.»

—«We have a video of the accused robbing a bank.»

—«They entered (reached through the window) my neighbour’s house without permission and stole his new TV5set.»

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Module 5. Unit 3

LANGUAGE FOCUS

The non Finite Forms of the Verbs (the Participle, the Gerund, the Infinitive)

PROGRESS CHECK

1.Choose between the infinitive or the ing form (Participle I or Gerund) of the verb:

1.We didn’t have an opportunity…(to apprehend) him. 2. The most offences…(to involve) criminal law are those against the state. 3. Copyright law protects literary and artistic works…(to include) paintings and sculpture. 4. They want him…(to pay) damages. 5. I’ve never heard him… (to start) legal proceedings. 6. They’ll look forward to…(to charge) him for the second time. 7. The offence turned out…(to be) committed while sleepwalking, and this act can’t be qualified as a crime.

2.Choose the correct item:

1.	Roman law is a system of laws…in the 8th century BC.
	a) evolved	b) evolving	c) to evolve
2.	Authority is the control…from a community’s system of rules.
	a) to result	b) resulting	c) resulted
3.	The civil law includes cases…to family, property and contracts.
	a) relating	b) related	c) to be related

4.Family law includes the laws…marriage, divorce and welfare of children.

	a) governed by	b) governing	c) to govern
5.	We can’t believe him…the offer.
	a) to revoke	b) revoking	c) to have revoked
6.	I suspect him … this computer program.
	a) of copying	b) to copy	c) copying
7.	They sold the original work for low price,…the original creator
	without a chance to get economic reward.
	a) to leave	b) leaving	c) by leaving

3.Correct the mistakes:

1.Criminal law presupposes a rule of law in defined acts as criminal.

2.Intellectual property laws reward the creators of original works by

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Part ІI. BASIC COURSE

prevent others from to copy their works. 3. They stopped to involve the lawyer to defend the offender. 4. That’s not worth to involve children into the trial stage. 5. He is accused to committing robbery. 6. We didn’t make him to determine if there was a criminal intent. 7. If the offender turns out to being a policeman, we’ll qualify the offence as omission. 8. Acts committing during fits of epilepsy are involuntary.

4.Read these sentences choose the correct non finite form of the verb and translate the words in brackets into English:

1.A criminal lawyer is a lawyer (що спеціалізується) in felonies.

2.A war criminal is a person (звинувачений чи засуджений) of crimes against humanity. 3. Criminal procedure is the rules (що ре5 гулюють) the investigation of crimes; the arrest, (обвинувачення) and a trial of (звинувачених) criminals; and the (винесення вироку) of those convicted. 4. Criminal liability is a responsibility for (скоєння) crime. 5. Money (відмивання) is an attempt to transform illegally (отримані) money into apparently legitimate money. 6. Murder is the unlawful (вбивство) of a person with intent. 7. (озброєне) robbery is the unlawful taking of another’s property (використовуючи) dan5 gerous weapon.

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Module 6 Unit 1

Text: Crime Investigation: Forensic

Science and Scientific Expertise

Vocabulary in use

Pre reading tasks

1. Answer the following questions:

1.What are the investigation departments in Ukraine?

2.What is preliminary investigation called upon?

3.What types of physical evidence do you know?

4.What are the essential qualities of a successful investigator?

2.Match the following English words and expressions with their Ukr ainian equivalents:

1	forensic science	a	по кожному конкретному
			випадку
2	DNA profiling	b	пожежа з людськими жертвами
3	case5by5case basis	c	розслідування випадків
			використаннявогнепальноїзброї
4	fatal fire	d	дослідження місця пожежі
5	domestic premises	e	криміналістика
6	investigation of shooting incidents	f	аналіз ДНК
7	microscopic examination	g	аналіз за допомогою мікроскопа
8	fire5scene examination	h	житлові приміщення

Reading tasks

1.Read the text to understand what information is of primary impor tance or new for you.

Notes on the text:

spent bullet — стріляна куля cartridge case — гільза

CRIME INVESTIGATION: FORENSIC SCIENCE AND

SCIENTIFIC EXPERTISE

Forensic science and scientific expertise serves the administration of justice by providing scientific support in the investigation of crime and providing evidence to the courts. Scientific expertise is available

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Part ІI. BASIC COURSE

on a case5by5case basis to different law enforcement agencies. It is very important during investigation of many crimes, particularly fires where arson is suspected, cases involving DNA profiling and offences invol5 ving the use of firearms.

The scientists have a wide range of experience in fire5scene exa5 mination, including fatal fires in domestic premises, large industrial fires and vehicle fires.

DNA profiling is a revolutionary scientific testing process, which can positively identify an individual from a specimen of blood, hair roots, tissue, etc. its application to crime specimens represents the greatest advance in forensic science in decades. The vast potential of DNA profiling is recognized by the police and the legal profession, and its use in criminal investigation has increased.

Forensic science experts provide advise on firearms and related matters and assistance in the investigation of shooting incidents. When presented with a suspect weapon, the expert is able to establish whether or not it was the weapon used in a crime. Experts are particularly adept in the microscopic examination of spent bulletsz and cartridge cases.

The experts also use fingerprinting, method of identification using the impression made by the ridge patterns found on the fingertips. No two persons have exactly the same arrangement of ridge patterns, and the patterns of any one individual remain unchanged through life. Fingerprints may be classified and filed on the basis of the ridge patterns, setting up an identification system that is almost infallible.

The first recorded use of fingerprints was by the ancient Assyrians and Chinese for the signing of legal documents. The use of fingerprints for identification purposes was proposed late in the 19th century by the British scientist Sir Francis Galton, who wrote a detailed study of fingerprints in which he presented a new classification system using prints of all ten fingers, which is the basis of identification systems still in use. Subsequently, the use of fingerprinting as a means for identifying criminals spread rapidly throughout Europe and the United States, superseding the old system of identification by means of body measurements.

As crime5detection methods improved, law enforcement officers found that any smooth, hard surface touched by a human hand would yield fingerprints made by the oily secretion present on the skin. When these so5called latent prints were dusted with powder or chemically treated, the identifying fingerprint pattern could be seen and photographed or otherwise preserved. Today, law enforcement agencies can also use

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computers to digitally record fingerprints and to transmit them electronically to other agencies for comparison. By comparing fingerprints at the scene of a crime with the fingerprint record of suspected persons, officials can estab5 lish absolute proof of the presence or identity of a person.

!	UNDERSTANDING MAIN POINTS

2.A. Give the definitions for the following terms and expressions. What are these methods used for? What can they help to an investigator?

1.DNA profiling

2.Fire5scene examination

3.fingerprinting

4.body measurements

5.microscopic examination

6.latent prints

B. Answer the following questions using the information from the

text:

1.What is the principle objective of forensic science and scientific expertise?

2.What was the revolutionary testing process?

3.How can an individual be identified?

4.On which cases do forensic science experts provide advise?

5.What are other methods that are used by experts, besides DNA profiling?

6.Do ridge patterns of an individual change through life?

7.In what way did ancient Assyrians use fingerprints?

8.What is Sir Francis Galton famous for?

9.How can absolute proof of a person’s identity be established?

3.WORD STUDY: translate the pairs of sentences and explain the difference in the meanings of the following words. Find the words in the text and decide from the context what the word could mean, then give your own examples.

1. accident/incident

a.A bomb exploded in a department store but no one was killed in the incident.

b.Her father was killed in a car accident.

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Part ІI. BASIC COURSE

2. matter/case

a.This piece of land is the main matter of dispute.

b.Have you ever dealt with cartridge cases?

c.It is a matter of a few hours.

3. adept/expert

a. His conclusion is always infallible. He is really adept. b. He is an expert at DNA profiling.

4. crime/offence

a.This act of terrorism is considered as crimes against humanity.

b.Most prosecutions for crime are brought by police.

c.I think it is a real offence against the law.

d.Offences may be classified as indictable or summary and

as arrestable or nonprintable.

5. specimen/sample

a. He has brought the book of samples. Let’s look through them. b. This specimen of blood helped to identify the victim.

6. proof/evidence

a. This evidence is reliable and can be admissible. b. This requires no proof.

c. The words of this passer5by need to be proved.

d. Evidence consists of testimony, documentary evidence, real evidence, and, when admissible, hearsay evidence.

7. inquiry/investigation

a. The investigator has made inquiries about the suspected. b. an inquiry into a death the cause of which was unknown

was conducted by a coroner.

c. Who is responsible for the results of the investigation?

8. scene/place

a. There is no place like home.

b.What place do you come from?

c.The scene is laid in France.

d.It was striking scene.

4.Choose the right preposition in brackets according to the contents of the sentences (for, through, in, on, with, to, by…of, for).

1.Experts advise…weapon and related weapon.

2.The identification system, which basis was worked out by Sir Fra5 ncis Galton, is still … use.

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3.The use of fingerprinting spread rapidly …Europe.

4.After a human hand yields its fingerprint on any surface, it is usu5 ally dusted …powder.

5.The old identification system was based on the identifying of an i5 ndividual…means…body measurements.

6.Nowadays digitally recorded fingerprints are usually transmitted electronically to other investigation agencies…comparison.

7.Specimen of blood can be applied … crime specimens; this met5 hod helps to positively identify an individual.

8.The method of fingerprinting is a means …identifying criminals.

BUILD UP YOUR VOCABULARY

5. Insert one of the following words into the text in an appropriate form.

Fingerprints

scientific, fingerprints,

to set up, forensic, subsequently, to record, identification, skin ridge, examination, patterns, scene

to transmit, evidence, to arrest, specimen

Very many books and … papers have been published on the subject of …, and the reference to «the prints from man’s hand» can even be found in the Bible.

The study of the application of fingerprints for useful …. purposes was … in the latter part of the 17th century when, in 1684, the anatomist Doctor N. Grew published a paper on the subject which he illustrated with drawings of various fingerprints… . About the same period, in Italy, Prof. Malpigni was investigating the functions of the … .

A method of classifying and research in this field was initiated by Sir Francis Galton and Henry Faulds independently at the end of the 19th century.

Each day, the fingerprints of people who have been sentenced to a term of imprisonment, and those who have been … and charged with other than the most minor offences, are … to New Scotland Yard for processing.

One of the main tasks of the National Fingerprints Office is to establish whether the person has a previous record. Scenes of serious crime are

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