English для юристов. Гончар

Module 6 Unit 3

Text: The European Union (part 1)

Vocabulary in use

Pre reading tasks

1.Before you read, find out as much information as possible about the European Union.

2.Match the following English words and expressions with their Ukrainian equivalents:

1	pooling of sovereignty	a	запобігати деструкції
2	to be committed to working together	b	безпека і справедливість
3	to delegate sovereignty	c	сукупність суверенних прав
4	to prevent destruction	d	гарантувати виконання
			(правових норм)
5	to ensure compliance	e	бути зобов’язаним працювати
			разом
6	to be flanked by	f	делегувати суверенні права
7	maladministration	g	приєднуватися
8	security and justice	h	недобросовісне управління

THE EUROPEAN UNION (part 1)

The European Union (EU) is a family of democratic European countries, committed to working together for peace and prosperity. It is not a State intended to replace existing states, but it is more than any other international organisation. The EU is, in fact, unique. Its Member States have set up common institutions to which they delegate some of their sovereignty so that decisions on specific matters of joint interest can be made democratically at European level. This pooling of sovereignty is also called «European integration».

The historical roots of the European Union lie in the Second World War. The idea of European integration was conceived to prevent such killing and destruction from ever happening again. It was first propos5 ed by the French Foreign Minister Robert Schuman in a speech on 9 May 1950. This date, the «birthday» of what is now the EU, is celeb5 rated annually as Europe Day.

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There are five EU institutions, each playing a specific role:

5European Parliament (elected by the peoples of the Member States);

5Council of the European Union (representing the governments of the Member States);

5European Commission (driving force and executive body);

5Court of Justice (ensuring compliance with the law);

5Court of Auditors (controlling sound and lawful management of the EU budget).

These are flanked by five other important bodies:

5European Economic and Social Committee (expresses the opinions of organised civil society on economic and social issues);

5Committee of the Regions (expresses the opinions of regional and local authorities);

5European Central Bank (responsible for monetary policy and managing the euro);

5European Ombudsman (deals with citizens’ complaints about maladministration by any EU institution or body);

5European Investment Bank (helps achieve EU objectives by financing investment projects);

A number of agencies and other bodies complete the system. The rule of law is fundamental to the European Union. All EU

decisions and procedures are based on the Treaties, which are agreed by all the EU countries.

Initially, the EU consisted of just six countries: Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom joined in 1973, Greece in 1981, Spain and Portugal in 1986, Austria, Finland and Sweden in 1995. In 2004 the biggest ever enlargement takes place with 10 new countries joining.

In the early years, much of the co5operation between EU countries was about trade and the economy, but now the EU also deals with many other subjects of direct importance for our everyday life, such as citizens’ rights; ensuring freedom, security and justice; job creation; regional development; environmental protection; making globalisation work for everyone.

!	UNDERSTANDING MAIN POINTS

2. Answer the following questions using the information from the text:

1. What is the aim of the European Union?

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2.Why is the EU unique?

3.When and why was the EU established?

4.What are the five European Union institutions?

5.What is the specific role of the European Central Bank?

6.What are the European Union decisions based on?

7.Which countries did the EU consist of initially?

8.What subjects does the EU deal with nowadays?

3.WORD STUDY. In the text above there are a lot of word combinations with the word European. Find them all and give Ukrainian equivalents.

4.PREPOSITIONS. Choose the right preposition in brackets according to the contents of the sentences (on, of, for, with, by, ).

1.In 2004 ten new countries joined…the European Union.

2.The decisions …all matters of joint interest are always made at European level.

3.Initially the EU consisted…6 countries.

4.The European Union dealt…trade and economy in early years.

5.The Court of Auditors is responsible…controlling lawful mana5 gement of the EU budget.

6.The specific role of the Court of Justice is ensuring complian5 ce…the law.

7.The five EU institutions are flanked…the European Economic and Social Committee, the Committee of the Regions, the European Central Bank, the European Ombudsman, the European Invest5 ment Bank.

6.Contextual deduction: use the context to work out the probable meaning of the following words and phrases in the text.

•committed to working together;

•they delegate some of their sovereignty

•treaty

•environment (environmental protection)

•job creation

•European integration

5. Fill in the articles if necessary:

…Denmark, …European Parliament, …Sweden, …Netherlands, …UK, …European Central Bank, …Luxembourg, …European integration.

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Post reading tasks

1. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the words from the box below:

The European Parliament is one of the EU…. Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) are drawn from member states of the EU but group themselves…rather than….

The European Parliament holds its… in Strasbourg, but its… … is in Luxembourg and its committees meet in Brussels. The elected Parliament serves a … of five years, after which elections are held.

The European Parliament’s power and influence derive from its power to …, and subsequently to… or reject, the EU’s budget.

to amend	to adopt	institutions	nationally	sessions
politically		Secretariat General	Brussels	a term

DISCUSSION

2.Prepare for the discussion: find necessary information, present your own opinion on the following:

1.The perspective of Ukraine’s joining the European Union.

2.The new 10 countries that have joined the EU in 2004. The ce5 lebration in Dublin.

3.The countries that are in line to join the European Union.

4.Eastern countries such as Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova etc. strive to join the EU.

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Module 7 Unit 1

Text: The Prosecutor’s Office

Vocabulary in use

Pre reading tasks

1.What do you understand under the term the Prosecutor’s office. Predict the list of words which to your mind could be used in the text.

2.Match the following English words and expressions with their Ukrainian equivalents:

1	to bring somebody to justice	a	записка по справі, що
			передається в апеляційний суд
2	supervision of the observance of laws	b	винести вердикт про передачу
			справи до суду
3	to express no confidence	c	мати в штаті
4	to employ staff	d	вести справу
5	questioning of witnesses	e	передавати суду
6	to return an indictment	f	нагляд за додержанням законів
7	brief	g	висловити недовіру
8	to plead the case	h	допит свідків

Reading tasks

1.Read the text to understand what information is of primary im portance or new for you.

Notes on the text:

The Prosecutor’s Office of Ukraine — прокуратура України

Crown Prosecution Service — Королівська служба судового розгляду

THE PROSECUTOR’S OFFICE

Prosecutor is a government official charged with bringing de5 fendants in criminal cases to justice in the name of the state. Although responsibilities vary from one jurisdiction to another, many prosecutors

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are in charge of all phases of a criminal proceeding, from investigation by the police through trial and beyond to all levels of appeal. Many also defend the state in civil actions. In the United Kingdom, prosecution is carried out in the name of the crown. In this sense the crown can be said to prosecute, and the prosecution is often referred to as «the crown.»

According to the Constitution of Ukraine, the Prosecutor’s Office of Ukraine constitutes a unified system that is entrusted with:

1)prosecution in court on behalf of the State;

2)representation of the interests of a citizen or of the State in court in cases determined by law;

3)supervision of the observance of laws by bodies that conduct detective and search activity, inquiry and pre5trial investigation;

4)supervision of the observance of laws in the execution of judicial decisions in criminal cases, and also in the application of other mea5 sures of coercion related to the restraint of personal liberty of citizens.

The Prosecutor’s Office of Ukraine is headed by the Prosecutor General of Ukraine, who is appointed to office with the consent of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, and dismissed from office by the President of Ukraine. The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine may express no confi5 dence in the Prosecutor General of Ukraine that results in his or her resignation from office.

The term of authority of the Prosecutor General of Ukraine is five years. The organisation and operational procedure for the bodies of the

Prosecutor’s Office of Ukraine are determined by law.

In the UK the Crown Prosecution Service is responsible for pro5 secuting people charged with a criminal offence. As the principal prosecuting authority in England and Wales, it is responsible for:

5 Advising the police on cases for possible prosecution.

5 Reviewing cases submitted by the police.

5 Preparing cases for court.

5 Presentation of cases at court.

The head of The Crown Prosecution Service is the Director of Public Prosecutions. The Director of Public Prosecutions reports to the Attorney General, who holds Parliamentary responsibility for the

*Gr. note: Subjective Infinitive Construction перекладається як «говорять, що…»

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Service. The Crown Prosecution Service employs approximately 7,700 staff including lawyers and administrators. These key personnel are located throughout the country and handle over 1.3 million ma5 gistrates’ court cases and 115,000 Crown court cases every year.

The Crown Prosecution Service started operating in 1986 when the Prosecution of Offences Act (1985) became law. Before this time local police forces were responsible for deciding whether to prosecute particular cases.

In most U.S. state and local jurisdictions, prosecutors are elected to office. On the federal level, district attorneys are, in effect, members of the executive branch of the government; they are usually replaced when a new administration comes into office. In the United States the prosecutor presents evidence at a hearing before a grand jury, which may or may not return an indictment for trial.

In countries where the judge handles the questioning of witnesses, the prosecutor is limited to presenting evidence and giving a final summation. In the United States and Great Britain the prosecutor plays an active role in questioning witnesses. In most countries, when a decision is appealed to a higher court, the prosecutor presents briefs and pleads the state’s case.

!	UNDERSTANDING MAIN POINTS

2. Answer the following questions using the information from the text:

1.What is a prosecutor?

2.How do prosecutor’s responsibilities vary?

3.What is the Prosecutor’s Office entrusted with according to the Constitution of Ukraine?

4.What is the head of the Prosecutor’s Office of Ukraine?

5.Which body may dismiss and express no confidence in the Prosecutor General of Ukraine?

6.What is the UK Crown Prosecution Service responsible for?

7.What is the staff of the Crown Prosecution Service?

8.Which authorities does a prosecutor have in the USA and the UK?

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3.WORD STUDY. Find in the text the words that correspond to the following definitions:

1)approval of something done or proposed;

2)process of crime5detection;

3)agency responsible for maintaining public order and preventing crime;

4)body of men and women selected at random to determine facts and to provide a decision in a legal proceeding (traditionally consists of 12 people);

5)judicial examination of the issues between the parties;

6)to charge someone with a crime or a civil violation;

7)formal charge issued by a grand jury stating that there is enough evidence that a person committed the crime;

8)written statements that explain each side’s case and tell why the court should decide in its favour (are the documents of appellate procedure).

4.PREPOSITIONS. Choose the right preposition in brackets according to the contents of the sentences (in, of, to, out, with).

1.Prosecutor brings defendants to justice … the name of the state.

2.What is the Prosecutor’s Office entrusted … according to the Constitution of Ukraine?

3.Many prosecutors are … charge … defending the state in civil actions.

4.The Prosecutor General of Ukraine is appointed to the office … the consent of the Verkhovna Rada.

5.People charged … criminal offences will be prosecuted by the Crown Prosecution Service.

6.In which countries is a prosecutor limited … presenting evidence and giving a final summation?

7.The restraint … personal liberty of citizens is one of the measures of coercion.

8.In the United Kingdom prosecution is carried … in the name of the crown.

BUILD UP YOUR VOCABULARY

5. A. Give the definitions of the following words from the text:

1) appeal;

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2)final summation;

3)Attorney General;

4)resignation;

5)coercion measures;

6)judicial decision;

7)consent;

8)personnel.

B. Compose your own sentences with these words illustrating their meaning.

Post reading tasks

1.Translate the following idioms and use them in your own sentences:

1)to catch somebody red5handed (to catch somebody during his or her committing a crime);

2)to be in the red (to be broken, having no money);

3)to see red (to get terribly angry);

4)to be in the black and white (in a very clear way);

2.Read the text and fill in the gaps with the words from the box below:

The Prosecution Process

motive	against	weapon		officer
evidence	victim		booklet
Crown Prosecutor		decision		crime
principles factors			violence

After the police have investigated a … and passed papers to the CPS, one of the lawyers — called a … — carefully reviews the papers to decide whether or not to go ahead with the case. The prosecutor’s … is based on the two tests set out in the Code for Crown Prosecutors.

The code is a … which sets out the general … which prosecutors must apply when they decide whether to continue a case.

The two tests set out in the Code are as follows: Is there enough …?

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Is it «in the public interest» for us to prosecute? This means that the prosecutor must think carefully about the … for and against a prosecution. For example, a prosecution is likely to be needed if:

5a … was used or …was threatened during an offence;

5the … for the offence was any form of discrimination;

5the offence was committed …a person serving the public such as a police ….

Crown Prosecutors must always think carefully about the interest of a … of a crime. This is an important factor when prosecutors decide whether the public interest lies.

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