English для юристов. Гончар

Part ІI. BASIC COURSE

examined for fingerprints by Senior Identification Officers. The function of these officers to detect and to … any finger or palm mark (or the a5 rrangement of … patterns) which an offender may have left at the scene. They also retrieve … clues, e.g. a … of blood, shoe or tissue marks, which are then forwarded to the Forensic laboratory for microscopic… .

One of the cases involving the use of fingerprints … was in 1905, when a thumb print left on a cash box at the … of a murder in Deptford of shopkeepers Mr. and Mrs. Farrow, was identified as belonging to Alfred Stratton, one of two brothers. As a result they were jointly charged with the crime and … hanged.

6. Name two crime detection methods and fill in the chart with the words below. Sort out odd words.

Specimen, oily secretion, blood, bullet, powder, DNA profiling, hair root, tissue, finger, skin, weapon, fingertip, ridge pattern, f5 ingerprint record, shooting incidents.

7.WORD FAMILIES. The verbs below can all be used to form nouns. Find in the text the words which have related meanings and make up your own sentences with them. Pay special attention to where the stress is.

Example: To lead — a leader (n.) e.g. Who is the leader of this po* litical party?

to compare, to record, to identify, to investigate, to test, to examine, to present

8. Complete the table. Consult the text or a dictionary if necessary.

Crime	Definition	Arm of the	Criminal	Verb
		service

murder arson terrorism theft shoplifting drugtrafficking

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Module 6. Unit 1

Post reading tasks

1.DISCUSSION. What are the types of witnesses that an investigator can deal with at the time of investigating a case?

2.An investigator is to ask and answer a lot of questions to disclose a crime and classify it. Write them out, they are beginning with:

1)who(at least 5);

2)what (at least 7);

3)where (at least 7);

4)when (3);

5)how (4);

6)with what (2);

7)why (2);

8)with whom (4);

9)how much (4).

3.Read the text and 1) give the names to the types of murders considering the motive; 2) write out Participles I and Participles II and give written translation.

1.Because these murders are not carefully planned, but instead spring from emotions spontaneously acted on, there are often witnesses and considerable evidence. This type of murder occurs most frequently

and tends to follow a set pattern:

• The victim and the assailant were married living together;

• The victim and the assailant were under the influence of alcohol;

• The victim and the assailant were from a low socioeconomic

group;

• The incident that led to the assault was trivial;

• The assailant has been implicated in earlier violent incidents.

2.These murders occur between individuals who are professionally or personally involved in such a manner that the perpetrator stands to benefit materially from the victim’s death. The material benefit can take many forms. One of the key questions that the investigator must ask is: Who stands to gain the most from the victim? These murders are carefully planned, and the perpetrator sometimes goes to great length to make the death appear natural or accidental.

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Part ІI. BASIC COURSE

3.Like spontaneous murders, these murders have a high clearance rate because the assailant is primarily concerned with injuring or killing the person on whom his or her emotions have become fixed. The murderer is often a rejected lover, and the victim may be either the person who has done the rejecting or some third party involved in a lover’s triangle.

4.These murders may be preplanned by the perpetrator or may occur as a secondary aspect of a sex crime. The actual murder of the victim may occur before, during, or after the sex act; it depends on the idiosyncrasies (відхилення в психиці) of the perpetrator and the a5 ctions of the victim.

5.Judges, police officers, organized crime figures and drug dealers may be victims of these murders. In some instances the act of revenge (помста) is made indirectly, on some member of the target person’s family.

4.Which of these types are singled out in the Ukrainian Criminal Code? Find necessary information, compare and add the classification of exercise 3.

5.Put each of the following words in its correct place in the passage below.

An Arrest

theft	pleaded	fingerprints	found	cell	evidence
arrest	oath	investigate sentence		charge detained	fine
		court magistrate	handcuff	witnesses

A policeman was sent to (a) ___ the disappearance of some pr5 operty from a hotel. When he arrived, he found that the hotel staff had caught a boy in one of the rooms with a camera and some cash. When the policeman tried to (b) ___ the boy, he became violent and the p5 oliceman had to (c) ___ him. At the police station the boy could not give a satisfactory explanation for his actions and the police decided to (d) ___ him with the (e) ___ of the camera and cash. They took his

(f) ___, locked him in a (g) ___, and (h) __ him overnight. The next morning he appeared in (i) ___ before the (j).

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Module 6 Unit 2

Text: Police

Vocabulary in use

Pre reading tasks

1.Do you agree with the statement «Criminals need help more than punishment»?

2.Match the following English words and expressions with their Uk rainian equivalents:

1	to enforce rules of conduct	a	охоронець
2	paid informant	b	попередження злочинів
3	cooperation of public	c	спрощене судочинство
4	crime prevention	d	забезпечувати дотримання
			правил
5	to preserve order	e	платний інформатор
6	watchman	f	залишатися в силі
7	to remain in effect	g	співпраця громадськості
8	summary justice	h	підтримувати порядок

Reading tasks

1.Read the text to understand what information is of primary im portance or new for you.

Notes on the text:

Praetorian — преторіанець (Praetorian Guards were bodyguards of the ancient Roman emperors. By the 2nd century BC the bodyguard of a Roman general was known as the praetorian cohort, but Augustus, the first Roman emperor, in 27 BC instituted the Praetorian Guard as a separate force by organizing 9 cohorts, each consisting of 500 men, under the command of a pre5 fect, who was called the praetorian prefect. The Praet5 orian Guard, being the only large permanent body of troops allowed in Rome itself, or near the city, soon

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Part ІI. BASIC COURSE

acquired great political power. Members served 16 years, receiving special privileges and pay. They gradu5 ally began to exercise their political power in an unsc5 rupulous manner, deposing and elevating emperors at their pleasure. In AD 193, after the assassination of Emperor Publius Helvius Pertinax, they sold the throne to Didius Severus Julianus. In the same year the Guard was reorganized by his successor, Emperor Lucius Septimius Severus. It was abolished by Emperor Con5 stantine the Great in 312.)

POLICE

Police is an agency of a community or government that is res5 ponsible for maintaining public order and preventing and detecting cri5 me. The basic police mission — preserving order by enforcing rules of conduct or laws — was the same in ancient societies as it is in sophi5 sticated urban environments.

The conception of the police force as a protective and law enf5 orcement organization developed from the use of military bodies as guardians of the peace, such as the Praetorian Guard of ancient Rome. The Romans achieved a high level of law enforcement, which remained in effect until the decline of the empire and the onset of the Middle Ages. Beginning in the 5th century, policing became a function of the heads of fiefdoms and principalities.

During the Middle Ages, policing authority, particularly in England, was the responsibility of local nobles on their individual estates. Each noble generally appointed an official, known as a constable, to carry out the law. The constable’s duties included keeping the peace and arresting and guarding criminals. For many decades constables were unpaid citizens who took turns at the job, which became increasingly burdensome and unpopular. By the mid516th century, wealthy citizens often resorted to paying deputies to assume their turns as constables; as this practice became widespread, the quality of the constables declined drastically.

In France during the 17th century King Louis XIV maintained a small central police organization consisting of some 40 inspectors who, with the help of numerous paid informants, supplied the government with details about the conduct of private individuals. The king could then exercise a kind of summary justice as he saw fit. This system continued during the reigns of Louis XV and Louis XVI. After the French Revolution, two separate police bodies were set up, one to handle ordinary duties and the other to deal with political crimes.

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Module 6. Unit 2

In 1663 the city of London began paying watchmen (generally old men who were unable to find other work) to guard the streets at night. Until the end of the 18th century, the watchmen — as inefficient as they were — as well as a few constables, remained the only form of policing in the city.

The inability of watchmen and constables to curb lawlessness, particularly in London, led to a demand for a more effective force to deal with criminals and to protect the populace. After much deli5 beration in Parliament, the British statesman Sir Robert Peel in 1829 established the London Metropolitan Police, which became the world’s first modern organized police force. The development of the British police system is especially significant because the pattern that emerged not only became a model for the American police system but also had great influence on the style of policing in almost all industrial societies.

The Metropolitan Police force was guided by the concept of crime prevention as a primary police objective; it also embodied the belief that such a force depended on the consent and cooperation of the public, and the idea that police constables were to be civil and courteous to t5 he people. The force was well organized and disciplined and, after an initial period of public skepticism, became the model for other police forces in Great Britain. Several years later the Royal Irish Constabu5 lary was formed, and Australia, India, and Canada soon established similar organizations. Other countries, impressed by the success of the plan, had adopted police systems based on the British model.

!	UNDERSTANDING MAIN POINTS

2.Mark these statements T (true) or F (false) according to the text. Find the part of the text that gives the correct information.

1.The police mission wasn’t the same in ancient societies.

2.The conception of the police force developed from the use of constables.

3.In France during the 17th century the king only exercised justice.

4.There wasn’t need for a more effective force to deal with criminals in England.

5.London Metropolitan Police wasn’t the world’s first modern orga5 nized police force.

6.In London, the 19th century, the primary police objective was crime prevention.

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Part ІI. BASIC COURSE

7.The Metropolitan Police became the model for other police forces in Great Britain.

3.WORD STUDY. In the text there are a lot of expressions with words law and order. List them in two columns below and add three more examples of your own to each column:

order

law

4. Complete the following sentences using the text:

1.The basic police mission is…

2.Bodyguards of the Roman emperors were the first…

3.The constable duties included…

4.London Metropolitan Police were the first…

5.London’s watchmen were to…

6.Sir Robert Peel established…

7.The Metropolitan Police became a model for…

5.PREPOSITIONS. Choose the right preposition in brackets according to the contents of the sentences (in, of, to, on, with, for).

1.The Roman system of military forces remained…effect until the collapse of the Roman Empire.

2.Most policemen have to resort…using weapon when apprehending criminals.

3.In the 17th century the French police organization consisted…40 inspectors and paid informants.

4.A demand…a more effective police force caused the establishment of London Metropolitan Police.

5.Police systems of Australia, India, and Canada were established in 19th century and based…the British model.

6.They had no free time as they were involved…politics.

7.The British police system had great influence…the police systems of other countries.

8.He supplied the criminals … weapon.

BUILD UP YOUR VOCABULARY

6. A. Circle the letter of the expression that is closest in meaning to the italicized word or phrase.

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Module 6. Unit 2

B. Substitute the active vocabulary of the unit in the suitable form for the italicized parts.

1)When in 1829, Sir Robert Peel received authority from the Parliament for the formation of a newly organized police force, its first officers were selected for their patience and tact.

a)being courteous

b)being kind5natured

2)Each Divisional CID office is run by a Detective Chief Inspector, Detective sergeants and Detective Constables to deal with crime investigation.

a)to take care of

b)to handle

3)Though they have moved many times, the name of Scotland Yard is kept and the address is one of the most famous addresses in the world.

a)to remain

b)to stay

4)The Chief Constable takes over the duties to control the police force.

a)to guard

b)to assume

5)The informants provide investigators with very important evidence.

a)to supply

b)to submit

6)The police are called to cover from injury or danger the citizens of the country.

a)to curb

b)to protect

7)A new police organization was established because watchmen were unable to achieve the desired result to curb lawlessness.

a)inefficient

b)able to

8)The basic mission of the law enforcement bodies is to keep up order.

a)to defend

b)to preserve

7.WORD FAMILIES. The verbs below can all be used to form nouns. Find in the text the words which have related meanings and make up your own sentences with them. Pay special attention to where the stress is. Example: To lead — a leader (n.) e.g. Who is the leader of the political party?

to force, to guard, to arrest, to conduct, to turn, to pay

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Part ІI. BASIC COURSE

8.Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian paying special attention to the translation of “turn/ civil/ environment/ to keep” — phrases. Look up each word, find the right contextual meaning, give the exact translation of it. Point out the meaning the word used in the text «Police».

A)

a.It is a serious crime. Things have taken a dangerous turn.

b.«Right turn!» — said a constable.

c.«It’s our young inspector’s turn to inform us about the case in detail»5 said a senior uniformed officer.

d.He has a turn to detect crimes.

e.«My turn will come» — murmured the criminal when the police came to arrest him.

f.I’d don’t like the turn of your speech. A police officer must be courteous to the people.

g.His conduct should be controlled by an inspector at every turn.

h.Will you take turns in order to carry out your duties but not to sleep?

———————————5

B)

1.Every citizen should know his civil rights and duties.

2.My neighbour is a servant of civil Service.

3.He studies Civil Law.

4.It is a civil case, but not criminal.

5.You are an official. Keep your civil tongue!

———————————5

C)

1.According to the 27th Session of the United nations General Assembly, June 5 is World Environment Day.

2.The environments favoured to our work.

9.Practise the usage of keep*phrases: translate the following word combinations and compose your own sentences connected with the topic «Police».

to keep smth / smb against; to keep watch (over); to keep guard;

to keep peace; to keep the law

Post reading tasks

1.A. Give definitions for the following words of your own: informant, constable, inspector, watchman, guardian, Com5

missioner, Deputy Commissioner

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Module 6. Unit 2

B. Study the Police Ranks in Britain and compare them with those Ukrainian.

2. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the words from the box below:

to patrol	law
guns	order
to guard	uniform
police force	beat
criminals	crime

The British police officer — sometimes called «the bobby» after Sir Robert Peel, the founder of the…5is a well5known figure to everybody who has visited Britain or who has seen British films. Policemen are to be seen in towns or cities keeping…and…, either walking in the streets («pounding the beat») or driving in cars (known as «panda cars» because of their distinctive markings).

To be a policeman means doing…work, wearing a… and working in a small area of London, preventing…and arresting….

In most countries the police carry….The British police generally do not keep firearms, except in Northern Ireland. Only a few police officers are regularly armed — for example, those who…politicians and diplomats or who…airports.

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