Glebovsky_Angl_yaz_ch2_09_1_1

aid (n.), continuous column, dia (diameter) (n.), edge girder, floor area, ground floor, identical (adj.), mat (n.), space frame, stagger (v.), tubular (adj.).

Какиеизперечисленныхсловмогутбытьдругимичастямиречи? Какими именно? Как онив этом случае переводятся на русский язык?

Упражнение2. Переведитенаанглийскийязыкприведённыениже слова и словосочетания:

балочнаяферма, вестибюль, возведение, двутавроваябалка, диагонально, другой, жилаязастройка, квартира, комната, крепитьболтами, кронштейн, круглый, направление, общий, пара, перекрёстная связь, после, пространственнаястержневаяконструкция, размер, ростверкизстальных балок, срасстоянием30 смдруготдруга, сборныйэлемент, собственный фундамент, соединяться, соответствоватьпоразмеру, стальнаясвая, стена жёсткости, такой, элемент перекрытия.

Упражнение 3. Найдите втексте термины, обозначающие элементы здания. Дайте перевод найденных терминов на русский язык.

Упражнение 4. Заполните пропуски в тексте, используя слова из приведённого ниже списка:

also	centres	method	most	together
between	faces	mm	timber beams	wood and masonry

Sixth Form College, Alton, Hampshire, England

The (1)… of construction used here is efficient because the internal volumes are not large and the principal materials are (2)… . The hall has an octagonal (восьмиугольный) plan. (3)… areas are covered by trussed rafters (стропильные фермы), in which all the members are in the same plane and connected (4)… by metal plates, or by one of eight types of trusses, in which members are in different planes. The external walls are of double-leaf construction using 100 mm thick bricks with a 50 (5)… cavity (6)… . The internal walls are (7)… 100 mm thick. The trussed rafters spanning 5.55 m are

spaced at 600 mm (8)… while the trusses, spanning 7.35 m, are at the larger spacing of 2.70 m between centres. The hall has a 13 m distance between opposite (9)… of its octagonal plan and is spanned by four principal 35495 mm laminated (10)… .

(продолжение текста в упражнении 3 урока 3.6, стр. 43)

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение1. Переведитепредложения, определите, ккакойчасти речи относятся подчеркнутые слова.

1.The joints in the top and bottom mats are interconnected diagonally by round steel bars and form a space frame.

2.The entrance hall forms the link between the two blocks.

3.The individual blocks have rectangular form.

4.All connections are bolted.

5.A 12 mm galvanized steel bolt is used to connect the wall panel to the roof beam.

6.The members are joined by bolts.

7.After the initial set careful control of temperature and humidity conditions is necessary.

8.Deflections in double skin panels are easy to control.

9.In general, control conditions on site are worse than those at a factory.

Упражнение 2. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на причастие I и причастные обороты.

1.The development consists of two blocks containing 78 flats.

2.Increasing the plan area of the tube as much as possible the engineers increased the effective section area of the cantilever.

3.These partitions should possess the necessary strength to support their own weight and all the loads, including effects of impact loads.

4.Framed buildings frequently have walls which increase structural rigidity, that is, serving to transmit horizontal loads.

5.Services are connected through the floor of each cabin, heating being done electrically.

6.Wood has a cellular structure which resembles a number of tubes lying in the direction of the grain.

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7.The forces acting upon the framework are transmitted to the foundation through the following assemblies of load-bearing members.

8.The two layers are interconnected by stainless steel ties extending through the insulation.

Упражнение 3. Переведите предложения с оборотом there + to be.

1.There are three general areas of importance in foundation design.

2.There are three basic forms of shallow foundations.

3.There are many cases in which a short compression element is used as a transition between footing and supported element.

4.There are many different relationships for structural action of walls, columns, and column foundations.

Упражнение 4. Работа в парах.

Студент C: Задайте 5 вопросов различных типов к тексту А. Студент D: Ответьте на вопросы к тексту студента C. Студенты C и D: Поменяйтесь ролями.

Текст B

HIGH-RISE RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT AT BALORNOCK,

SCOTLAND

The development consists of eight multi-storey blocks comprising a total of 1356 flats. The flats, ranging from one to four rooms, are accommodated in two slab blocks (with 26 and 28 storeys respectively) and in six 31-storey point blocks. Each slab block has three vertical circulation cores, while each point block has one core.

Slab blocks are 9311 m overall on plan, rising to 77 m and 71 m above ground level while four point blocks are 22.9015.25 m and two point blocks – 30.5018.30 m overall on plan with height above ground level being 84 m.

The structural steelwork for all the buildings transmits the vertical loads and also the horizontal wind forces. Internal and external columns continue through three storeys and are interconnected in both directions by floor beams. Beams and columns are of I-section; all connections are bolted. Wind-bracing

is achieved by vertical lattice systems in the walls between the flats and by rigid interconnection of floor beams and columns to multi-storey portal frames in the external walls and in the internal walls near the cores. Structural co-operation of the portal frames and lattice bracings is ensured by the rigid floors. To increase rigidity, the external columns and perimeter beams of the point blocks are encased in concrete up to the 10th floor. For a wind pressure of 150 kg/m2 the lateral deflection of the buildings is calculated as less than 1/500 of the height of the building.

Continuous reinforcement is incorporated over the floor beams. Floor slabs are connected to the steel beams by means of welded shear studs in pairs at 60 cm centres.

In all, 704 reinforced concrete piles with 3.5 m average length were used for building foundation bearing on sandstone and shale. The piles are 90 cm in diameter.

Notes:

co-operation n. взаимодействие

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.How many flats do the blocks comprise?

2.What kinds of blocks does the development consist of?

3.How do the blocks differ (отличаться, различаться) in height?

4.What is the cross section of beams and columns?

5.How is wind-bracing achieved?

6.Why are the external columns and perimeter beams of the point blocks encased in concrete?

7.What kind of foundation was used?

Грамматическое упражнение

НайдитевтекстепричастияI. Определитеихфункциюипереведите на русский язык.

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже словаисловосочетания. ЕслиВынезнаетеслово, найдитееговсловаре.

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Выпишите из словаря то значение слова, в котором оно использовано в тексте.

accommodate (v.), average (adj.), circulation core, interconnection (n.), lattice (n.), point block, range (v.), respectively (adv.), sandstone (n.), shale (n.), shear stud, slab block.

Упражнение 2. Найдите перевод слов списка А в списке В.

A	B	A	B
сплошной	connection	продолжать(ся)	calculate
многоэтажный	reinforcement	давление	encase
прогиб	load	рядом с	while
увеличивать(ся)	continue	портальная рама	portal frame
внешний	multi-storey	внутренний	internal
опираться	pressure	нагрузка	slab
посредством	near	подниматься	bear
пока	rise	заключать в оболочку	by means of
вычислять	external	соединение	continuous
плита	deflection	арматура	increase

Упражнение 3. Напишите предложения с каждым из перечисленных ниже слов:

accommodate – accommodation interconnect – interconnection

ПрочитайтетранскрипциювспискеA, соотнеситееёссоответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

			A
[	[	[	]; [	];	[	]; [	];
		[	]; [	]; [
			B
	soffit	exit	alternate (adj.)	alternative		opposed
	slit	forward	slight	smother		alternate (v.)
	opposite	support	amount	exist		smooth

ТекстA

ELIZABETH HOUSE. LEICESTER, ENGLAND

This residential building is 16 storeys high consisting, on elevation, of cast-in-place concrete end walls and of storey-height precast concrete panels on the long side walls.

The building consists of the external walls and a series of 175 mm internal walls; the external walls have an overall thickness of 240 mm but contain 40 mm deep grooves. There is a 125×500 mm precast concrete edge beam on the east and west sides connecting the walls together at their ends and helping to support the floor slab. In general the floors are 150 mm thick, comprising a 75 mm precast concrete plate with a smooth soffit and 75 mm cast-in-place concrete topping that connects the floor to the walls and edge beams. The

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corridor slab is cast-in-place and 100 mm thick, 150 mm thick opposite the lifts, and is supported by beams on each side of the corridor. At ground floor level, the cladding consists of vertical precast concrete strips alternating with windows, but at all levels above this, the precast concrete panels are shaped and contain a window opening in the centre. All loadbearing walls are founded on heavy ground beams, typically 1200900 mm in section, which in turn are supported by 750 mm large diameter bored piles; the ground floor slab is supported by these and other ground beams resting on the piles.

At each typical floor level, there are a total of 15 different types of shaped cladding panels out of a total of 18 panels at each level. The differences exist mainly in slight variations in overall width which, in some cases, are taken up by the gap between the forward vertical edges of adjacent panels; this gap varies between 70 and 175 mm. The vertical joint itself is set back near the edge of the floor slab and has a constant width of 20 mm. In those cases where the main part of each panel is identical, the panels can be made using the same mould. At roof level, the depth of the panel splay is reduced compared to that at typical floor levels.

Horizontal forces are taken by the cross walls in the east-west direction and by the end walls, the staircase wall and lift shaft walls going in the northsouth direction; all these walls sit on the ground beams and piles.

The total period of construction amounted to 24 months.

Notes:

bored pile буронабивная свая groove n. паз, канавка

splay n. скошенная кромка

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.How many storeys are there in the residential building?

2.What are the features of the external walls?

3.What connects the floor to the walls and edge beams?

4.What makes the 15 types of shaped cladding panels different?

5.What are horizontal forces taken by?

6.How long was the total period of construction?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова и словосочетания:

alternate (v.), amount (v.), cross wall, end wall, forward (adj., adv.), found (v.), gap (n.), opposite (adv.), set back (v.), slight (adj.), smooth (adj.), soffit (n.).

Какиеизперечисленныхсловмогутбытьдругимичастямиречи? Какими именно? Как они в этом случае переводятся на русский язык?

Упражнение2. Переведитенаанглийскийязыкприведённыениже слова и словосочетания:

бетоннаяплита, вобщейсложности, всвоюочередь, вариация, верхний, защитный слой, внутренняя стена, идентичный, использовать, монолитный, несущая стена, облицовочная панель, опалубка, полоса, помогать, постоянный, свая, серия, случай, сокращать, соседний, стык, торцевая стена, тяжёлый, фасад, фасонный, фундаментная балка, шахта лифта, ширина.

Упражнение 3. Дайте синонимы следующих слов:

gap n.	aid n.	exploit v.	facade n.
slight adj.	rest v.	attach v.	shell n.

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на инфинитив, атакженаобъектныеисубъектныеинфинитивныеобороты.

1.The Romans made extensive use of the arch to distribute thrust more evenly.

2.We expect the builders to show good results.

3.The construction of the factory is believed to finish at the end of this year.

4.The usual design technique is to check the footing stresses in order to assure the adequate thickness.

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5.To make a joint watertight certain materials should be used.

6.Galvanised steel bolts are used to connect the wall panel to the roof beam above.

7.To keep the masonry everywhere in compression is the main object of the structural design.

8.We know the building technique to be an important branch of modern construction.

Упражнение 2. Переведите предложения, определите функцию слова that.

1.It is known, that all loadbearing walls are founded on heavy ground beams.

2.At roof level, the depth of the panel is reduced compared to that at typical floor levels.

3.That the ground floor area is open is due to the buildings being raised off the ground on pillars.

4.The precast concrete elements, that form structure for each unit, consist of wall and floor panels.

5.That long precast beam runs along the south side.

6.The work in the factory started two months earlier than that on site.

7.The house is unusual in that the main central wall is both an internal and an external one.

Упражнение 3. Работа в парах.

Студент C: Задайте 5 вопросов различных типов к тексту А. Студент D: Ответьте на вопросы к тексту студента C. Студенты C и D: Поменяйтесь ролями.

Текст B

HOUSING ESTATE AT TARANTO, ITALY

This residential development comprises 460 flats, accommodated in point blocks four or nine storeys high and long four-storey blocks. The latter, each of which has a structural core in the middle and two flats per floor, are joined to the point blocks with central core and three flats per floor. The buildings are

raised off the ground on pillars, so that the ground floor area is largely open and with unrestricted access.

A uniform structural system was used for all the buildings. In the two longitudinal facades and on the centre-line columns, consisting of sections ranging from HE 140 A to HE 180 B, at 3.44 m centres, were built on tapered reinforced concrete columns in the open bottom storey. In the longitudinal direction the external columns were interconnected by pin-jointed beams, channel sections U 220, while the central columns were rigidly interconnected by HE 180 A beams. In the transverse direction secondary beams were pinjointed to the columns. All structural connections were bolted. Wind forces are transmitted through the floors to the reinforced concrete cores and to vertical cross bracings in the end walls of the wings.

In the construction of the floors reinforced concrete T-beams were used spanning between outside and central beams. Precast floor units are 5.20 m long, 0.75 m wide and 19 cm thick, resting on in-situ reinforced concrete beams. Reinforcement was welded to the top flanges of the steel beams and structural continuity of the concrete beams over the central steel beams was ensured by lapping of the reinforcement.

Foundations are bearing on limestone. Pad foundations were used under the columns. Under the wind bracings in the ends of the buildings strip foundations were used. Bearing pressure on subsoil is 3 kg/cm2.

Notes:

lapping n. соединение внахлёстку pillar n. колонна, стойчатая опора T-beam тавровая балка

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.What kinds of blocks are there in this residential development?

2.What is the difference in the floor plan of the blocks?

3.Why is the ground floor area largely open?

4.What are the features of the structural system of all the buildings?

5.How were structural elements connected?

6.Where were T-beams used?

7.Describe the foundation of the building.

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Грамматическое упражнение

НайдитевтекстепричастияI. Определитеихфункциюипереведите на русский язык.

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже словаисловосочетания. ЕслиВынезнаетеслово, найдитееговсловаре. Выпишите из словаря то значение слова, в котором оно использовано в тексте.

access (n.), bearing pressure, pad foundation, pin-joint (v.), strip foundation, structural connection, structural continuity, subsoil (n.), taper (v.), unrestricted (adj.), wing (n.).

Упражнение 2. Найдите перевод слов списка А в списке В.

	A	B	A	B
	на этаж	… m wide	вспомогательная	limestone
			балка
	ветровая	I-beam	ствол (высотного	middle
	нагрузка		здания)
	известняк	bolt	крепить болтом	open
	однородный	bracing	двутавровая балка	per floor
	фланец	weld	швеллерный профиль	secondary
				beam
	последний	comprise	обеспечивать	the latter
	система связей	consist	состоять из	transmit
	середина	core	сваривать	uniform
	открытый	ensure	передавать	channel
				section
	включать в себя	flange	шириной … м	wind force

Упражнение 3. Напишите предложения с каждым из перечисленных ниже слов:

alternate adj. – alternate v. – alternative n.

Текст C

SPELMAN HALLS, PRINCETON UNIVERSITY, NEW JERSEY,

USA

The development is made up of eight house units. Each house unit is an assembly of precast concrete elements and glazing, with further internal divisions made by thin but relatively heavy partition walls, generally 3/8 in (80 mm) thick. The precast concrete elements, that form the enclosure and structure for each unit, consist of wall and floor panels, stair flights and long precast beams. These 57 ft (17.4 m) long precast beams run along the south and east sides, the latter being a prestressed post-tensioned beam which cantilevers 22 ft (6.71 m) off an internal cross wall and, at the south-east corner, supports the former, which is simply supported at this end. Both beams are 8 in (203 mm) wide at the top but 11 in (279 mm) wide at the bottom, thus making a shelf to support the floor panels; the floor panels are attached with galvanised steel angles at 4 ft 10 in (1.47 m) centres using a ¾ in (19 mm) bolt that fixes to ferrules cast in a recess in the top of the slab and in the sides of the beam. Both beams are supported by the internal cross wall. These internal loadbearing walls are 11¼ in (286 mm) thick. The other loadbearing wall panels, including those in the stair core and those supporting the far end of the beams, are 8 in (203 mm) thick. All the wall panels rest on an upstand wall on a strip footing, both the latter being of cast-in-place concrete construction.

The floor panels are 8 in (203 mm) thick but have different spans, the different slab strengths, thus required, being provided by post-tensioning. There is no concrete topping. Most floor panels are attached to the walls by galvanised steel angles at 4 ft 10 in (1.47 m) centres using ¾ in (19 mm) bolts that fix to ferrules cast in the tops of the floor panels and the sides of the wall panels. For the joint between the floor panel and the 11¾ in (286 mm) internal cross wall, these ferrules are cast both in the vertical edge of the floor panel, connecting to bars projecting from the wall panel below, as well as in the top of the floor panel, connecting by means of steel plates to the adjacent floor panel and by means of steel angles to the wall panel above. Both types of ferrule are placed at 4 ft 10 in (1.47 m) centres.

There are two types of horizontal joint between the wall panel units. The 11¾ in (286 mm) internal cross wall, which supports floor panels on each side, also supports the wall panel above, initially by bars projecting from the

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centre of the lower panel, which are joined through a connector allowing adjustment for height. When in the required position, the gap between the floor and wall panels is filled with mortar or cast-in-place concrete. All the other walls support floor panels only on one side, with a ½ in (13 mm) joint, on the other side, between it and the panel above. These panels bear onto steel plates with a locating pin using plastic shims for height adjustment.

The core walls are planned to provide support to the stairs and floor panels. The stair core is top lit by ¾ in (19 mm) green-tinted toughened (tempered) glass. There were 61 different types of precast element for this house unit. At each typical floor, there are nine different types of floor panel; the other floors, or the roof, either repeat precisely or use largely the same floor types. All the panel types in the house unit considered are also used in other units.

The post-tensioned beam is stressed, from one end only, to a total prestress of about 160 tons (145 tonnes). Prestressing allows the load applied to be balanced, so that there is no deflection at the end of the cantilever.

Notes:

ferrule n. муфта

lit v. ( p.p. от light) освещённый shim n. вкладыш

upstand wall подстенок (выступающий из фундамента)

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.What kind of house are the units?

2.Which beams are post-tensioned?

3.How are the floor panels attached to the beams?

4.What do the wall panels rest on?

5.What is the thickness of the floor panels?

6.What is the distance between galvanised steel angles which connect floor panels to the walls?

7.What is the difference between the two types of horizontal joint connecting the wall panel units?

8.What are the core walls planned for?

9.How is the stair core lit?

10.Why is there no deflection at the end of the cantilever?

Лексическое упражнение

В списке А даны некоторые слова и выражения, которыеиспользованы в тексте для домашнего чтения. Найдите их перевод в списке В.

A	B	A	B
above	строительный раствор	mortar	первоначально
adjacent	тонированный	partition	элемент
adjustment	замкнутое пространство	post-tension v.	выступать
apply	перегородка	precisely	тот же
attach	лестничный марш	project v.	прикреплять
cantilever	подвергать (бетон)	provide	тонна
v.	последующему
	напряжению
connector	первый (из	relatively	угол
	перечисленных)
corner	полка	shelf	соединитель
division	относительно	strip footing	крепить
enclosure	ленточный фундамент	the former	выше
far	дальнейший	the same	дальний
fix v.	консольно выступать	thin	применять
flight	обеспечивать	through	образовывать
form v.	тонкий	tinted	разделение
further	через	ton	регулировка
initially	точно	unit	соседний

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ПрочитайтетранскрипциювспискеA, соотнеситееёссоответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

		A
[	]; [	[	]; [	[	];
[	]; [	[	]; [		]
		B
conventional	void	hotel	omit		stabilise
compete	convectional	complete	chard		gypsy
gypsum	scheme	chord	skim		diagonal

ТекстA

HYATT REGENCY HOTEL, LEXINGTON,

KENTUCKY, USA

Conventional steel framing is used on the lowest four floors of the hotel, but a staggered truss system is used in the upper part of the building, where the

levels have a column grid of 2820 ft (8.536.10 m) and a framing scheme, which have the main beams spanning the shorter and the secondary beams the longer dimension of this grid. The floor slab is of 4 ½ in (114 mm) lightweight concrete acting compositely both with the 3 in (76 mm) metal deck and the steel beams. Above the fifth level, staggered trusses are used and are spaced at 56 ft (17.07 m) centres at each floor level, taking the weight of two floors, one each at the top and bottom, and spanning to columns across the complete 60 ft

(18.29 m) width of the building. Pratt type framing of the trusses, with diagonals in tension, is used. However, at the centre of the trusses the diagonals are omitted to allow door openings. The floor here is of prestressed hollow core concrete planks, 8 ft (2.44 m) wide and 8 in (203 mm) thick, used without a topping. The shear connection between the floor planks and the top and bottom chords members of the truss is accomplished with shear studs welded to the chords and attached to reinforcing bars projecting from the planks. The voids are then grouted up. The external walls consist of various types of precast concrete cladding units. The internal partitions use gypsum board on metal studs. Where a truss forms the division, it is clad with two layers of gypsum board on each face.

As soon as the trusses were erected, the floor planks were used to stabilise them by welding of a plate embedded in the planks to the chords of the trusses. A typical floor took less than four days to complete.

The staggered truss system is most suitable for narrow shaped buildings which can accept cross walls and is thus of limited application. It is essentially a high rise system, going up to 30 storeys and more, where, as in other high rise methods, as much vertical load is transferred to the outside columns to resist wind forces as is necessary for an economic floor structure. Structural steel used is about 7 lb/ft2 (34 kg/m2) of floor area.

Notes:

door n. дверь

economic adj. экономичный gypsum board гипсокартонный лист plank n. пластина

staggered truss расположение балочных ферм в шахматном порядке

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.What is the difference between the framing scheme of the lowest floors of the hotel and that of the upper floors?

2.What are the dimensions of the column grid at the lower levels?

3.What kind of concrete are the floor slabs made of?

4.Why are the diagonals at the centre of the trusses omitted?

5.How are the external walls clad?

6.How are the trusses stabilised?

7.Why is the staggered truss system essentially a high rise one?

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Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова и словосочетания:

chord (n.), clad (adj.), complete (v.), conventional (adj.), diagonal (n.), framing (n.), framing scheme, stabilise (v.), stud (n.), omit (v.).

Какиеизперечисленныхсловмогутбытьдругимичастямиречи? Какими именно? Как онив этом случае переводятся на русский язык?

Упражнение2. Переведитенаанглийскийязыкприведённыениже слова и словосочетания:

кактолько; с расстоянием17 ммеждуосями; пояс фермы; сетка колонн; поперечная стена; дверной проём; заделывать в; главным образом; поверхность; сторона; настил из пустотного преднапряжённого бетона; настил перекрытия; заливать раствором; лист сухой штукатурки; высотный; лёгкий бетон; ограниченное применение; главный; металлический настил; арматурный стержень; соединение, работающее на сдвиг; выступ арматуры, работающий на сдвиг; пространство; перекрыватьпролёт; застройка; соединять; конструкционнаясталь; быть пригодным; растяжение; таким образом; пустоты.

Упражнение 3. Определите, есть ли ошибки в переводе представленных ниже слов. Если ошибки имеются, укажите правильный перевод.

allow	позволять	other	другой
without	без	accept	принимать
lowest	низкий	partition	перегородка
resist	противостоять	weight	вес
form	образовывать	through	через
attach	прикреплять	compositely	совместно

Упражнение4. Выберитетолкование, котороесоответствуетстроительному термину в левой колонке.

A.BEAM

B.GIRDER

C.JOIST

D.RAFTER

E.STAGGERED TRUSS SYSTEM

F.VOID

1.A timber, steel, or reinforced concrete beam of small scale or closely spaced in sets.

2.A structural system for a building with braced frames in one direction and unbraced frames in the other direction by use of storey-deep trusses staggered in location at alternate frames on every other floor of the building.

3.The space that is not occupied by the solid materials.

4.An inclined beam in a roof truss extending from the ridge (конёк крыши) to the supporting wall.

5.A structural element which supports a load across a gap by bending action.

6.A term used for larger sizes of beam, especially those built up from smaller sections.

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на инфинитивиинфинитивныеобороты. Определитефункциюинфинитива в предложениях.

1.The method permits high-strength concrete to be used economically.

2.The purpose is to reduce shrinkage cracking.

3.The buildings have to be given additional bracing.

4.The concrete to be used is lightweight.

5.All concrete below the neutral axis is considered to be in tension and cracked, and therefore ineffective.

6.It is impossible to build modern houses without the knowledge of new techniques.

7.A factor to consider is the space between the roof structure and the ceiling.

8.Non-loadbearing internal walls should possess the necessary strength and stability to support their own weight.

9.To avoid stresses in the panels due to temperature differences, rigid connections are provided at the centre of each panel.

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10.To apply the prestress the tendons are anchored to the concrete.

11.The precast concrete edge beam helps to support the floor slab.

12.Prestressing allows the load applied to be balanced.

Упражнение 2. Переведите существительные с суффиксом –ion. Определите, от каких слов они образованы.

accommodation	connection	incorporation	projection
application	deflection	interconnection	relation
circulation	erection	location	selection
completion	expansion	operation	tension

Упражнение 3. Переведите предложения, обратив внимание на функцию слова it.

1.Galvanised steel bolts are used to connect the wall panel to the roof beam above and long screws connect it to the floor panel below.

2.It is a standardised two-storey building.

3.Shrinkage is the permanent contraction of concrete caused by loss of water after it hardens.

4.Even if it is decided to use a square footing, it would need to be larger, since it also supports part of the wall.

5.It is difficult to concrete a thin wall because the concrete has to be placed in the narrow opening at the top of the form.

6.In most cases deep foundations are utilized only where it is not possible to have shallow foundations.

7.It is characteristic of steel-framed buildings that the floor beams transmit the loads in one direction only.

8.Low temperatures decrease stretch of the fabric but make it easier for tears to develop.

Упражнение 4. Работа в парах.

Студент C: Задайте 5 вопросов различных типов к тексту А. Студент D: Ответьте на вопросы к тексту студента C. Студенты C и D: Поменяйтесь ролями.

Текст B

BOULTON HOUSE, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND

This is a residential building containing bedrooms for students. The building structure consists of eighteen precast concrete H-frames around the perimeter and nine interior cast-in-place concrete columns, all supporting a heavy 9 in (225 mm) deep concrete slab at each floor level. The building foundations are piled, all precast columns being positioned in 2 ft (600 mm) deep pockets in 3 ft (900 mm) deep ground beams sitting on the piles. There are precast concrete infill panels between but set behind the H-frames, and these panels overlap on the columns each side. Infill panels are also used at right angles to the H-frames, having the same height as the spandrel of the H-frames.

All infill panels on the east and west sides as well as corner panels and the large wall panels on the north and south sides are 5 in (125 mm) thick and incorporate ¾ in (19 mm) of insulation.

The ground floor is set back from the perimeter and enclosed by a cavity brick wall. Inside, the ground floor has a suspended ceiling 10 in (250 mm) below the slab soffit, the void containing services which then pass upwards through holes in the floor slabs.

Internal columns are mostly at about 11 ft (3.35 m) centres; they are omitted at one place where the slab has to span about 22 ft (6.71 m). Each floor slab carries the loads at that level, including the partition walls between bedrooms which are 8 in (150 mm) heavy block plastered on both sides. Horizontal forces are taken by frame action.

The total period of construction amounted to 14 months. Precast elements were made in wooden forms using white aggregates and white cement. The spandrel of the H-frame has its top sloped back towards the building so that rainwater can be led back behind the columns instead of running down the face.

Notes:

H-frame n. Н-образная рама\каркас infill panel панель стенового заполнения

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.Who is this residential building for?

2.What kind of foundation does the building have?

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