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1. Выпишите в свой словарик с транскрипцией и переведите выделенные жирным шрифтом слова (в начальной форме: сущ. и прил. – в им.п., ед.ч; глаг. - инфинитив). Назовите, к какой части речи относится каждое слово.

2. Выпишите неправильные глаголы, встречающиеся в тексте. Назовите все формы.

3. Укажите время и залог подчёркнутых сказуемых.

4. Переведите текст, пользуясь словарем.

RATIFICATION

Ratification is the approval by the principal of an act of its agent where the agent lacked authority to legally bind the principal. The term applies to private contract law, international treaties, and constitutional amendments in federations such as the United States and Canada.

In contract law, the need for ratification can arise in two ways: where the agent attempts to bind the principal despite lacking the authority to do so, and where the principal authorizes the agent to make an agreement, but reserves the right to approve it. An example of the first situation is where an employee not normally responsible for procuring supplies contracts to do so on the employer's behalf. The employor's choice on discovering the contract is to ratify it or to repudiate it.

The other situation is common in trade union collective bargaining agreements. The union authorizes one or more people to negotiate and sign an agreement with management, but the agreement does not become legally until the union members ratify the agreement. If they do not improvement, the agreement is of no effect, and negotiations resume.

The ratification of international treaties is accomplished by filing instruments of ratification as provided for in the treaty. In most democracies, the legislature authorizes the government to ratify treaties through standard legislative procedures (i.e., passing a bill).

In the UK, treaty ratification is a Royal Prerogative, exercised by Her Majesty's Government; however, by convention called the Ponsonby Rule, treaties are usually placed before parliament for 21 days before ratification.

In the US, treaty ratification must be advised and consented to by a two-thirds vote in the Senate. While the United States House of Representatives does not vote on it at all, the requirement for Senate advice and consent to ratification makes it considerably more difficult in the US than in other democracies to rally enough political support for international treaties.

The treaty or legislation does not apply until it has been ratified. A multilateral agreement may be provide that it will take effect upon its ratification by less than all of the signatories. Even though such a treaty takes effect, it does not apply to signatories that have not ratified it.

Text 25

1. Выпишите в свой словарик с транскрипцией и переведите выделенные жирным шрифтом слова (в начальной форме: сущ. и прил. – в им.п., ед.ч; глаг. - инфинитив). Назовите, к какой части речи относится каждое слово.

2. Выпишите неправильные глаголы, встречающиеся в тексте. Назовите все формы.

3. Укажите время и залог подчёркнутых сказуемых.

4. Переведите текст, пользуясь словарем.

CIVIL CODE

A civil code is a systematic collection of laws designed to comprehensively deal with the core areas of private law. A jurisdiction that has a civil code generally also has a code of civil procedure. In some jurisdictions with a civil code, a number of the core areas of private law that would otherwise typically be codified in a civil code may instead be codified in a commercial code.

The concept of codification dates back to ancient Babylon. The earliest surviving civil code is the Code of Hammurabi, produced circa 1760 BC by the Babylonian king Hammurabi. The most famous ancient civil code, however, is the Corpus Juris Civilis, a codification of Roman law produced between 529-534 AD by the Byzantine emperor Justinian I, which forms the basis of civil law legal systems.

Other civil codes used since ancient times include various texts used in religious laws, such as the Law of Manu in Hindu law, the Mishnah in Jewish Halakha law, the Canons of the Apostles in Christian Canon law, and arguably the Quran and Sunnah in Islamic Sharia law to some extent.

A typical civil code deals with the fields of law known to the common lawyer as law of contracts, torts, property law, family law and the law of inheritance. Commercial law, corporate law and civil procedure are usually codified separately.

The older civil codes such as the French, Egyptian, and Austrian ones are structured under the Institutional System of the Roman jurist Gaius and generally have three large parts:

• Law of Persons (personae)

• Law of Things (res)

• Issues common to both parts (actiones).

The newer codes such as the ones of Germany, Switzerland and Portugal are structured according to the Pandectist System:

• General part

• Law of Obligation

• Law of Real Rights

• Family Law

• Law of Inheritance

The civil code of the state of Louisiana, following the institutions system, is divided into five parts:

• Preliminary Title

• Of Persons

• Things and Different Modifications of Ownership

• Of Different Modes of Acquiring the Ownership of Things

• Conflict of Laws

Pandectism also had an influence on the earlier codes and their interpretation. For example, Austrian civil law is typically taught according to the Pandect System (which was devised by German scholars in the time between the enactment of the Austrian and the German Codes), even though this is not consistent with the structure of the Code.

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