- •2 Лист Типовые задачи
- •1 What are the basic elements of the relationships between a language and extralingusitic world?
- •5.. What are the main sources of translation ambiguity stemming from the sign-concept relationship?
- •6. What is language communication? What actors does it involve?
- •7. What is monolingual communication? What is bilingual communication? Give examples.
- •8. .Describe translation as a special kind of bilingual communication. Why is it called special?
- •9. What is peculiar about a language as a code? Which factors specify the meaning of a message?
- •10. What is context? Give definition of context? Give example?
- •11. What itterrelated components does translation include as an object of linguistic study?
- •12. Give Short Definition of translation?
- •13. What are the interacting elements in translation? What elements are deducible?
- •14. What interralated operations does one fulfil in the process of translation?
- •15. What three stages does one distinguish in translation?
- •16. What is the main idea of Komissarov s theory of ‘translation equivalence level’?
- •17. What is translation according to Retsker, Catford and Firth? Give definitions and examples
- •18. What is translation ranking? Give definitions and examples
- •19. What translation ranks do you know? Give definitions and examples
- •20. What relationship is there between the approaches to translation and types of translation?
- •21.What is translation equivalence? Define it.
- •29. What is it addition? Give definition and examples.
- •30. What is omission? Give examples of Russian – English translation.
- •31. What the basis factors that influence the choice of translation equivalents.
- •32. What is immediate context? How does it influence the choice of translation equivalents?
- •Immediate Context
- •33) What is general context? How does it influence the choice of translation equivalents?
- •34) What are the factors that influence the choice of translation equivalents of individual words and word combination?
- •35) What is the role of cultural background in finding proper translation equivalents?
- •36) What varieties are distinguished in translation?
- •37 Are translation approaches and devices similar in different translation varieties?
- •38.What are the principle differences between consecutive and simultaneous interpretation?
- •39.What are chuchotage and at sight interpretation?
- •40.Describe differences in working environments of a translator and interpreter?
- •41. What are the peculiarities of the English language system which are to be taken into account Russian- English translation?
8. .Describe translation as a special kind of bilingual communication. Why is it called special?
A language may be regarded as a specific code intended for information exchange between its users (language speakers). Indeed, any language resembles a code being a system of interrelated material signs (sounds or letters), various combinations of which stand for various messages.
The communication variety with one common language is called the monolingual communication.
If, however, the communication process involves two languages (codes) this variety is called the bilingual communication.
Translation is a specific type of bilingual communication since (as opposed to bilingual communication proper) it obligatory involves a third actor (translator) and for the message sender and recipient the communication is, in fact, monolingual.
9. What is peculiar about a language as a code? Which factors specify the meaning of a message?
10. What is context? Give definition of context? Give example?
context
(in psycholinguistics) (from the Latin. contextus - a close relationship, connection) - has a meaningful conclusion of the oral or written language, allows us to determine the meaning and significance of certain of its constituent fragments (words, phrases or passages of text). For a single utterance, words or phrases that are part of a holistic text, K. are other (prior or subsequent) statements or the entire text as a whole. Hence the expression "to understand K.". For the integral text K. come all the other texts that function in the same social sphere. Thus, for a particular scientific text is K. body other scientific texts in this specialty, for a work of art - other literary texts.
context
- Having meaningful conclusion of the oral or written language, allows us to determine the meaning and significance of certain of its constituent fragments - words, phrases or passages of text. For a single utterance, words or phrases that are part of a holistic text context are other (prior or subsequent statements) or all of the text as a whole. Hence the expression "to understand the context." For the integral text context act all other texts from the same social sphere. Thus, for a particular scientific text context is the body of other scientific texts in this specialty; for a work of art - other literary texts.
11. What itterrelated components does translation include as an object of linguistic study?
Linguistic analysis of text
1) Type of linguistic analysis aimed at identifying the system of linguistic means by which transmitted the ideological and thematic and aesthetic content of literary and artistic works. In this case, linguistic analysis merges with literary analysis.
2) Type of language analysis to text resource stylistic characteristic.
3) One of the types of analysis, in which we examine the structure of functional styles and their speech systemic. In this style appears as a unity of three main components: a linguistically interpreted the situation of communication, style and features a set of linguistic resources, "serving" a particular situation of communication.
4) Analysis of linguistic resources in terms of information theory. Here we consider the main categories of text: cohesion, prospection, retrospection, suggestiveness, the emergence, the continuum. (These categories are described in detail in the IR Galperin "Text as an object of linguistic research." - Moscow: Nauka, 1981. - 139 p.).
5) An analysis of the text of a set of linguistic resources, grouped around the communicative qualities of speech: correctness, accuracy, consistency, purity and others.
6) Analysis of linguistic resources inherent in these types of text, such as: reasoning, narrative description. In this case, will be an effective form of linguistic analysis, in which the situation of communication, structural composite parts of the text and the language tools will be considered in conjunction
7) The analysis of a set of linguistic resources depending on the genre works: analysis of linguistic features reviews, abstracts, descriptions of nature, reasoning, thinking and so on.