- •Қожа Ахмет Ясауи атындағы Халықаралық қазақ-түрік университеті
- •2015-2016 Оқу жылы «Шетел филологиясы» мамандығы бойынша магистратураға түсу үшін бағдар сұрақтар тізімі: Theoretical grammar пәні бойынша
- •3. Noun. The category of gender
- •4. Verb. Notional parts of speech
- •Verb as a Part of Speech
- •5. Functional parts of speech
- •6. Simple sentence
- •7. Complex sentence
- •8. Compound sentence
- •9. Sentence. General
- •Complication Contamination
- •Replacement – the use of the words that have a generalized meaning: one, do, etc, I’d like to take this one.
- •Ajoinment - the use of specifying words, most often particles: He did it – Only he did it.
- •10. Noun. General
- •11. Verb. General
- •12. Parts of the sentence
- •13. Communicative types of the sentence
- •14. Compound sentence.
- •15. The category of Mood
- •16. Ways of clause connection
- •17. The category of voice
- •18. The category of tense
- •Present Past
- •Future I Future II
- •19. The categories of person and number
- •20. The aspective categories of the verb
- •21. Adjective
- •22. Adverb
- •23. Pronoun
- •24. Prepositions
- •25. Conjunctions
- •26. Numerals
- •27. Articles the use of articles in english
- •3. The introductory function
- •28. Conditionals
- •29. Reported speech
- •30. Passive voice Use of Passive
- •Form of Passive
- •Examples of Passive
- •Examples of Passive
- •Passive Sentences with Two Objects
- •Personal and Impersonal Passive
- •Methods of teaching foreign languages пәні бойынша сұрақтар:
- •2. The etymology of English words
- •3. Words of native origin
- •5. Semasiology
- •6. What is meaning?
- •7. Grammatical meaning.
- •8. Lexical meaning.
- •9. Denotational meaning.
- •10. Connotational meaning.
- •11. Classification of word
- •12. Hyponymic structures
- •13. Semantic equivalence and synonymy
- •14. Word-groups
- •15. Meaning of word-groups
- •§ 4. Lexical Meaning
- •16. Meaning and polysemy
- •18. Word-Formation
- •19. Affixation
- •20. Prefixation
- •21. Classification of prefixes.
- •22. Suffixation.
- •23. Classification of suffixes.
- •24. Phraseological units
- •25. Free wordgroups
- •26. Sources of homonyms.
- •27. Various types and ways of forming words.
- •28. Idioms
- •29. Lexicography
- •30. Local dialects
27. Various types and ways of forming words.
The available linguistic literature on the subject cites various types and ways of forming words. Earlier books, articles and monographs on word-formation and vocabulary growth in general both in the Russian language and in foreign languages, in the English language in particular, used to mention morphological, syntactic and lexico-semantic types of word-formation. At present the classifications of the types of word-formation do not, as a rule, include lexico-semantic word-building. Of interest is the classification of word-formation means based on the number of motivating bases which many scholars follow. A distinction is made between two large classes of word-building means:
To Class I belong the means of building words having one motivating base. To give an English example, the noun catcher is composed of the base catch- and the suffix -er, through the combination of which it is morphologically and semantically motivated.1
Class II includes the means of building words containing more than “ one motivating base. Needless to say, they are all based on compounding (cf. the English compounds country-club, door-handle, bottle-opener, etc., all having two bases through which they are motivated).
Most linguists in special chapters and manuals devoted to English word-formation consider as the chief processes of English word-formation affixation, conversion and compounding.
Apart from these a number of minor ways of forming words such as back-formation, sound interchange, distinctive stress, sound imitation, blending, clipping and acronymy are traditionally referred to Word-Formation.
Another classification of the types of word-formation worked out by H. Marchand is also of interest. Proceeding from the distinction between full linguistic signs and pseudo signs 2 he considers two major groups: 1) words formed as grammatical syntagmas, i.e. combinations of full linguistic signs which are characterised by morphological motivation such as do-er, un-do, rain-bow; and 2) words which are not grammatical syntagmas, i.e. which are not made up of full linguistic signs. To the ‘ first group belong Compounding, Suffixation, Prefixation, Derivation by a Zero Morpheme3 and Back-Derivation, to the second — Expressive Symbolism, Blending, Clipping, Rime and Ablaut Gemination,* Word-Manufacturing.5 It is characteristic of both groups that a new coining is based on a synchronic relationship between morphemes.
28. Idioms
Idioms are distinguished from phrasemes by the idiomaticity of the whole word-group (e.g. red tape — ‘bureaucratic methods’) and the impossibility of attaching meaning to the members of the group taken in isolation. Idioms are semantically and grammatically inseparable units. They may comprise unusual combinations of words which when understood in their literal meaning are normally unallocable as, e.g. mare’s nest (a mare — ‘a female horse’, a mare’s nest — ‘a hoax, a discovery which proves false or worthless’). Unusualness of collocability, or logical incompatibility of member-words is indicative of the idiomaticity of the phrase.
Idioms made up of words normally brought together are homonymous with corresponding variable word-groups, e.g. to let the cat out of the bag — ‘to divulge a secret’, and the clue to the idiomatic meaning is to be found in a wider context outside the phrase itself.