Общая экология

k\ya_c h[jZam_l kljmdlmjm B khklZ\ OWb kljmdlmjZ baf_gy_lky \h \j_ f_gb \ khhl\_lkl\bb k nmgdpb_c

>ey j_r_gby hkgh\guo aZ^Zq wdheh]bb mklZg \g_r kj_^u khklZ\Z kljmdlmju b aZdhgZ nmgdpbhgbjh\Zgby fh`gh \u^_eblv ljb ]jmiiu f_lh^h\ bkke_^h\Zgbc \ wdheh]bb gZlmjgu_ gZ[ex^_gby wdki_jbf_glu \ _kl_kl\_gguo mkeh\byo b \ eZ[hjZlhjbb fh^_ebjh\Zgb_ IZkkb\gu_ gZ[ ex^_gby beb bo _s_ gZau\Zxl wdheh]h ]_h]jZn f_lh^

<u^_e_gb_ hkgh\guo lbih\ wdhkbkl_f b bo \aZbfhk\ya_c \ bamqZ_fhf eZg^rZnl_

Hij_^_e_gb_ \b^h\h]h khklZ\Z hj]Zgbafh\ gZk_eyxsbo dZ`^mx ba wdhkbkl_f mklZgh\e_gb_ khhl\_lkl\mxs_]h _c fbdjhdebfZlZ lbiZ ihq\u oZjZdl_jZ ]b^jheh]bq_kdh]h j_`bfZ

B^_glbnbdZpby kljmdlmju wdhkbkl_fu gZ dZq_kl\_gghf mjh\g_ l _ ihemq_gb_ h[s_c dZjlbgu hlghr_gbc f_`^m \b^Zfb mklZgh\e_gb_ oZ jZdl_jZ k\ya_c hj]Zgbafh\ k Z[bhlbq_kdbfb dhfihg_glZfb Z lZd`_ oZjZd l_jZ k\ya_c Z[bhlbq dhfihg ^jm] k ^jm]hf

Ihemq_gb_ dhe oZjZdl_jbklbd ^ey hkgh\guo ihdZaZl_e_c khklZ\Z wdhkbkl_fu l_fi_jZlmju H KH iehlghklb ihimeypbb b l ^

Dhebq_kl\_ggZy b^_glbnbdZpby kljmdlmju wdhkbkl_fu l _ dhe hibkZgb_ nmgdpbhgZevguo k\ya_c f_`^m dhfihg_glZfb kbkl_fu b \g_rgbo \ha^_ckl\bc gZ kbkl_fm Ijbf_j mklZgh\e_gb_ aZ\ bgl_gkb\ nhlhkbg l_aZ hl hk\_s_gghklb l_fi_jZlmju \eZ`ghklb h[_ki_q_gghklb [bh]_ggu fb we_f_glZfb b l ^ kdhjhklb bkiZj_gby \h^u ba ihq\ hl f_l_hmkeh \bc khklZ\Z ihq\u jZklbl_evghklb b l ^

Dhfie_dkgh_ hibkZgb_ khijy`_gghc ^bgZfbdb \k_o dhfihg_glh\ wdhkbkl_fu \ k_ahgghf ]h^h\hf b fgh]he_lg_f ieZg_ dhlhjh_ fh]eh [u kem`blv hkgh\hc ]em[hdh]h ZgZebaZ aZdhgghkl_c nmgdpbhgbjh\Zgby ^Zgghc wdhkbkl_fu b kjZ\g_gb_ __ k ^j wdhkbkl_fZfb

WDKI?JBF?GL

IjbgpbibZevgh_ hlebqb_ wdki_jbf_glZ \ _kl_kl\_gguo mkeh\byo hl iZkkb\gh]h gZ[ex^_gby aZdexqZ_lky \ lhf qlh aZ^ZqZ gZ[ex^Zl_ey ih emq_gb_ k\_^_gbc h ih\_^_gbb wdhkbkl_fu \ g_gZjmr_gguo _kl_kl\_gguo mkeh\byo lhqg__ ijb fbgbfZevgh \hafh`guo \hafms_gbyo \uau\Z_fuo ijhp_kkhf gZ[ex^_gby lh]^Z dZd \ wdki_jbf_gl_ bkke_^h\Zl_ev ke_^bl aZ wdhkbkl_fhc \ dhlhjhc bf khagZl_evgh ijhba\_^_gu hij_^_e_ggu_ fh `_l [ulv ^hklZlhqgh kbevgu_ baf_g_gby

?keb fu k ihfhsvx keh`ghc ZiiZjZlmju ke_^bf aZ i_j_f_s_gb_f klZb ilbp beb klZ^Z he_g_c g_dhlhju_ ba dhlhjuo kgZ[`_gu fbgbZlxjgufb jZ ^bhahg^Zfb lh wlh wdki_jbf_gl beb gZ[ex^_gb_"

Gh _keb fu baf_gy_f dZdhc lh iZjZf_lj wdhkbkl_fu gZijbf_j l_f i_jZlmjm \h^u \ \h^h_f_ b ke_^bf aZ baf_g_gbyfb ijhbkoh^ysbfb ih^ ^_ckl\b_f wlbo baf_g_gbc lh lh]^Z wlh m`_ gZklhysbc wdki_jbf_gl

?klv _s_ eZ[hjZlhjgu_ wdki_jbf_glu < eZ[hjZlhjbb fh`gh h[_ki_ qblv dhgljhev [hevr_]h qbkeZ nZdlhjh\ b l_f g_ f_g__ [hevrbgkl\h eZ[h jZlhjguo hiulh\ lZd`_ hlghkylky d dZl_]hjbb qZklbqgh dhgljhebjm_fuo Kdhevdh gb[m^v iheguc ho\Zl \k_o kms_kl\mxsbo nZdlhjh\ ^hklb]Z_lky

lhevdh gZ keh`guo b ^hjh]hklhysbo wdki_j mklZgh\dZo lZd gZau\Z_fuo eZ[hjZlhjguo fbdjhdhkfh\

Gh g_kfhljy gZ keh`ghklv ijh\_^_gby wdki_jbf_glh\ \ wdheh]bb gZ

^h ijbagZlv qlh wdki_jbf_gl lZd`_ dZd b \ ^jm]bo gZmdZo y\ey_lky k h^ghc klhjhgu bklhqgbdhf agZgbc Z k ^jm]hc dZfg_f k ihfhsvx dhlhjh]h ijh\_jy_lky ^hklh\_jghklv gZrbo agZgbc

FH>?EBJH<:GB?

Fu m`_ k <Zfb ]h\hjbeb qlh fh^_ev y\ey_lky kljmdlmjghc _^bgbp_c wdheh]bb Fh^_eb wlh mijhs_ggu_ \_jkbb j_Zevgh]h fbjZ iha\heyxsb_ ^_ eZlv ij_^kdZaZgb_ hlghkbl_evgh bamqZ_fh]h y\e_gby

Kmsghklv f_lh^Z fh^_ebjh\Zgby khklhbl \ lhf qlh jZkkfZljb\Z_lky g_ hjb]bgZe wdhkbkl_fu Z __ fh^_ev \ dZq_kl\_ dhlhjhc \uklmiZ_l g_dh

lhjZy ^jm]Zy kbkl_fZ ij_^klZ\eyxsZy kh[hc h[jZa ih^h[b_ hjb]bgZeZ ijb fh^_ebjmxs_f hlh[jZ`_gbb

< aZ\bkbfhklb hl hkh[_gghkl_c kbkl_fu hjb]bgZeZ b aZ^Zq bkke_^h

\Zgby ijbf_gyxlky kZfu_ jZaghh[jZagu_ fh^_eb dhlhju_ fh`gh deZkkbn ih ke_^mxsbf ijbagZdZf j_Zevgu_ gZlmjgu_ ZgZeh]h\u_ b^_Zevgu_ agZ dh\u_ dhgp_ilmZevgu_ \_j[Zevgu_ ]jZnbq_kdb_ fZl_fZlbq_kdb_ ZgZ eblbq_kdb_ qbke_ggu_ ^bkdj_lgu_ g_ij_ju\gu_ ^_l_jfbgbjh\Zggu_ klh oZklbq_kdb_

Ih lbim j_ZebaZpbb jZaebqZxl j_Zevgu_ b agZdh\u_ fh^_eb J_ZevgZy fh^_ev hljZ`Z_l kms_kl\_ggu_ q_jlu hjb]bgZeZ m`_ ih kZfhc ijbjh^_ k\h _c nbabq_kdhc j_Zevghklb GZijbf_j Zd\Zjbmf k _]h jZklbl_evghklvx b

^j dhfihg_glZfb \hkijhba\h^bl g_dhlhju_ q_jlu ijbjh^guo \h^h_fh\

Hkgh\gZy ljm^ghklv mklZgh\e_gb_ kl_i_gb Z^_d\Zlghklb fh^_eb hjb]b gZem b ke_^h\Zl_evgh \ h[hkgh\Zgbb \hafh`ghklb ijbf_g_gby j_amevlZ lh\ fh^_ebjh\Zgby d bkoh^ghc kbkl_f_ hjb]bgZem < hlebqb_ gZijbf_j hl Zwjh beb ]b^jh^bgZfbdb ]^_ jZajZ[hlZgu dhebq_kl\_ggu_ djbl_jbb

Z^_d\Zlghklb fh^_e_c dj J_cghev^kZ b l ^ \ j_amevlZl_ q_]h klZeh

\hafh`guf mki_rgh_ ijbf_g_gb_ j_Zevguo fh^_e_c ^ey j_r_gby rbjhdh]h djm]Z gZmqguo b dhgkljmdlhjkdbo aZ^Zq Bkke_^h\Zgb_ h[l_dZgby dhjZ[ey fZeh]h jZaf_jZ \ [Zkk_cg_ K ihfhsvx ih^h[by fh`gh ihemqblv jZa kljZ\ ^ey j_Zevgh]h dhjZ[ey

Ijb gZlmjghf fh^_ebjh\Zgbb wdhkbkl_f \hijhku h[hkgh\Zgby Z^_d\Zl ghklb _s_ hq_gv ^Ze_db hl m^h\e_l\hjbl_evgh]h j_r_gby EZ[ wdki_jb f_gl

AgZdh\Zy b^_ZevgZy fh^_ev ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc mkeh\gh_ hibkZgb_ kbkl_fu hjb]bgZeZ k ihfhsvx ^Zggh]h ZenZ\blZ kbf\heh\ b hi_jZpbc gZ^ kbf\heZfb \ j_amevlZl_ q_]h ihemqZxlky keh\Z b ij_^eh`_gby g_dhlhjh]h yaudZ dhlhju_ k ihfhsvx hij_^_e_ggh]h dh^Z bgl_jij_lbjmxlky dZd h[jZ au g_dhlhjuo k\hckl\ we_f_glh\ kbkl_fu hjb]bgZeZ b k\ya_c f_`^m gbfb GZb[hevr__ agZq_gb_ ^ey wdheh]bb bf_xl ^\_ jZagh\b^ghklb fh^_e_c

wlh \h i_j\uo lZd gZa dhgp_ilmZevgu_ b \h \lhjuo fZl_f fh^_eb

Dhgp_ilmZevgZy fh^_ev ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc g_kdhevdh [he__ nhjfZeb ah\Zgguc b kbkl_fZlbabjh\Zgguc \ZjbZgl ljZ^bpbhggh]h _kl_kl\_ggh gZmq gh]h hibkZgby bamqZ_fhc wdhkbkl_fu khklhys_c ba gZmqgh]h l_dklZ khi

jh\h`^Z_fh]h [ehd ko_fhc kbkl_fu lZ[ebpZfb ]jZnbdZfb b ij bee fZ l_jbZehf

Ijb dhebq_kl\_gghf bamq_gbb ^bgZfbdb wdhkbkl_f ]hjZa^h [he__ wn n_dlb\gu f_lh^u fZl_fZlbq_kdh]h fh^_ebjh\Zgby

J_amevlZlu lZdh]h fh^_ebjh\Zgby dZd ijZ\beh ij_^klZ\eyxlky \ \b^_ jZa\_jldb \h \j_f_gbb lZ[ebpZ ]jZnbdb beb bkihevam_lky lZd gZau\Z_fuc kihkh[ nZah\uo ihjlj_lh\ dh]^Z gZ ]jZnbdZo gZghkblky bah[ jZ`_gb_ ljZ_dlhjbc kbkl_fu \ ijhkljZgkl\_ khklhygbc beb ijh_dpbc wlhc ljZ_dlhjbb gZ dhhj^bgZlgu_ iehkdhklb h[jZah\Zggu_ jZaebqgufb iZjZfb dhhj^bgZl ijbQ<j_fy ijbkmlkl\m_l gZ nZah\hf ihjlj_l_ g_y\gh q_ j_a mdZaZggu_ l_f beb bguf kihkh[hf gZijZ\e_gby ^\b`_gby bah[jZ`Zxs_c lhqdb \^hev ljZ_dlhjbb K ihfhsvx klj_ehd beb hlf_lhd \j_f_gb \^hev ljZ_dlhjbb

H[sZy ko_fZ kbkl_fgh]h ih^oh^Z d bamq_gbx wdhkbkl_f Ko_fZ ijhp_kkZ kbkl_fgh]h bkke_^h\Zgby

	IhklZgh\dZ aZ^Zqb
	Dhgp_ilmZebaZpby
	Ki_pbnbdZpby
B^_glbnbdZpby
G	J_ZebaZpby fh^_eb
Z		d	j
[	Ijh\_jdZ fh^_eb				k
e		i	f
x	Bkke_^h\Zgb_ fh^_eb
^		j
_	HilbfbaZpby		b
g		f
b	AZdexqbl_evguc kbgl_a
y		lg
		u

<g_rgyy

W

_

_

<

_

y

Zlfhkn_jZ

: Wdhkbkl_fZ

h[s_kl\h Wdhkbkl_fZ ? Q_eh\_d

F ? Wdhkbkl_fZ

^_yl_evghklv ?Q q_eh\_dZ

=hjgu_ <g_rgb_ ihjh^u \h^u

5 :

Dhgp_ilmZebaZpby \g_rgbo k\ya_c ijb hibkZgbb wdhkbkl_fu

Q_eh\_d fh`_l \oh^blv \ wdhkbkl_fm gZij g_ lhevdh dZd [bheh]b q_kdh_ kms_kl\h Q_eh\_d h[s_kl\h [bhlbq_kdbc \g_rgbc nZdlhj \ wdhkbk l_f_

L_fZ WDHKBKL?FU BO KLJMDLMJ: B K<HCKL<:

@b\mx qZklv wdhkbkl_fu _s_ gZau\Zxl [bhp_ghahf ;bhp_gha

hj]Zgbah\ZggZy ]jmiiZ ihimeypbc jZkl_gbc `b\hlguo b hj]Zgbafh\ ijbk ihkh[e_gguo d kh\f_klghfm h[blZgbx \ ij_^_eZo hij_^_e_ggh]h h[t_fZ ijhkljZgkl\Z Ex[hc [bhp_gha aZgbfZ_l hij_^_e_gguc mqZklhd Z[bhlbq_k dhc kj_^u [bhlhi ;bhlhi wlh ijhkljZgkl\h k [he__ beb f_g__ h^gh jh^gufb mkeh\byfb aZk_e_ggh_ l_f beb bguf khh[s_kl\hf hj]Zgbafh\

Nhjfbjmxl [bhp_gha f_`\b^h\u_ k\yab h[_ki_qb\Zxsb_ kljmdlmjm [b hp_ghaZ qbke_gghklv hkh[_c jZkij_^_e_gb_ bo \ ijhkljZgkl\_ \b^h

\hc khklZ\ b l i <b^h\hc khklZ\ b gZkus_gghklv [bhp_ghaZ aZ\bkyl hl mkeh\bc kj_^u j_adh h[_^g_ggu_ khh[s_kl\Z iheyjguo imklugv b [h]Zlu_

khh[s_kl\Z ljhibq_kdbo e_kh\ dhjZeeh\u_ jbnu b l i

KljmdlmjZ b oZjZdl_jbklbdb \g_rg_c kj_^u aZ\bkyl hl rbjhlu f_kl ghklb ]_hobfbq_kdh]h khklZ\Z a_fghc ih\_joghklb ijblhdZ kheg_qghc wg_j]bb debfZlZ ^Zgghc f_klghklb

< kljmdlmj_ ex[hc wdhkbkl_fu [he__ madh_ ihgylb_ [bh]_hp_ghaZ

\k_]^Z fh`gh \u^_eblv q_luj_ nmgdpbhgZevguo dhfihg_glZZ[bhlbq_kdh_ hdjm`_gb_ l _ \_kv dhfie_dk nZdlhjh\ g_`b\hc

ijbjh^u hldm^Z `b\h_ q_jiZ_l kj_^kl\Z ^ey kms_kl\h\Zgby b dm^Z \u^_ ey_l ijh^mdlu h[f_gZ

I [bhlbq_kdZy dhfihg_glZ

dhfie_dk Z\lhljhnguo hj]Zgbafh\ h[_ki_qb\Zxsbo hj]Zgbq_kdbf \_ s_kl\hf ke_^h\Zl_evgh b wg_j]b_c \k_ hklZevgu_ hj]Zgbafu :\lhljhn

gu_ kZfhklhyl_evgh iblZxsb_ky hl ]j_q_kdh]h ljhn_ iblZlvky

:\lhljhngu_ hj]Zgbafu y\eyxlky i_j\bqgufb ijh^mp_glZfb l _ ijhba\h ^bl_eyfb hj]Zgbq_kdh]h \_s_kl\Z Zkkbfbebjmxsbfb kheg_qgmx wg_j]bx

dhfie_dk ]_l_jhljhnguo hj]Zgbafh\ dhgkmf_glh\ `b\msbo aZ kq_l iblZl_evguo \_s_kl\ kha^Zgguo i_j\bqgufb ijh^mp_glZfb Dhgkmf_glZfb y\eyxlky `b\hlgu_ b g_dhlhju_ jZkl_gby dhfie_dk hj]Zgbafh\ jZa eZ]Zxsbo hj]Zgbq_kdb_ kh_^bg_gby ^h fbg_jZevgh]h khklhygby Wlh j_ ^mp_glu beb ^_kljmdlhju ij_^klZ\e_ggu_ fbdjhhj]ZgbafZfb [Zdl_jby fb ijhkl_crbfb Z lZd`_ hj]ZgbafZfb dhlhju_ iblZxlky f_jl\uf hj]Zgb q_kdbf \_s_kl\hf

DZ`^uc `b\hc hj]Zgbaf beb bo kh\hdmighklv \uihegy_l hij_^_e_ggmx

[bheh]bq_kdmx nmgdpbx dhlhjZy eb[h gZqbgZ_l dZdhc lh ijhp_kk eb[h y\ey_lky _]h ijhf_`mlhqguf a\_ghf eb[h aZ\_jrZ_l _]h LZdZy kh]eZkh

\ZggZy b \aZbfhk\yaZggZy ^_yl_evghklv `b\uo hj]Zgbafh\ A_feb \ kZfhc l_kghc k\yab k hdjm`Zxs_c kj_^hc b __ hkgh\gufb nZdlhjZfb nbabq_kdh]h obfbq_kdh]h [bheh]bq_kdh]h oZjZdl_jZ b kha^Z_l keh`gh_ ihkljh_gb_

`bagb \ jZaguo __ ijhy\e_gbyo wdheh]bq_kdmx kbkl_fm

Wdheh]bq_kdb_ nZdlhju

Nmgdpbhgbjh\Zgb_ wdhkbkl_f ijhoh^bl ih^ \ha^_ckl\b_f fgh`_kl\Z wdheh]bq_kdbo nZdlhjh\ hlghkysboky d Z[bhlbq_kdbf b [bhlbq_kdbf dhf ihg_glZf wdhkbkl_fu Ih^ wdheh]bq_kdbfb nZdlhjZfb ih^jZamf_\Zxlky lZ db_ k\hckl\Z dhfihg_glh\ wdhkbkl_fu b oZjZdl_jbklbdb __ \g_rg_c kj_^u dhlhju_ hdZau\Zxl g_ihkj_^kl\_ggh_ \ebygb_ gZ nmgdpbhgbjh\Zgb_ jZa\b lb_ wdhkbkl_fu

Ij_`^_ \k_]h wdheh]bq_kdb_ nZdlhju ^_eylky gZ \g_rgb_ wdah]_g

gu_ b \gmlj_ggb_ wg^h]_ggu_ ih hlghr_gbx d ^Zgghc wdhkbkl_f_ D \g_rgbf hlghkylky nZdlhju ^_ckl\b_ dhlhjuo \ lhc beb bghc kl_i_gb hi j_^_eyxl baf_g_gby ijhbkoh^ysb_ \ wdhkbkl_f_ gh kZfb hgb ijZdlbq_kdb g_ bkiulu\Zxl __ h[jZlgh]h \ha^_ckl\by LZdh\u kheg_qgZy jZ^bZpby bg l_gkb\ghklv Zlfhkn_jguo hkZ^dh\ Zlfhkn_jgh_ ^Z\e_gb_ kdhjhklv \_ljZ kdhjhklv l_q_gby ^ey [bhkn_ju m`_ \gmljb b l ^ < hlebqb_ hl gbo \gml j_ggb_ nZdlhju khhlghkylky kh k\hckl\Zfb kZfhc wdhkbkl_fu beb hl^_ev guo __ dhfihg_glh\ b \ ^_ckl\bl_evghklb h[jZamxl __ khklZ\ LZdh\u qbke_gghklv b [bhfZkkZ ihimeypbc aZiZku jZaebqguo \_s_kl\ oZjZdl_ jbklbdb ijba_fgh]h kehy \ha^moZ \h^ghc beb ihq\_gghc fZkku b l ^

Wdheh]bq_kdb_ nZdlhju lZd`_ ih^jZa^_eyxl gZ [bhlbq_kdb_ b Z[bhlb q_kdb_ D i_j\uf hlghkylky jZaghh[jZagu_ i_j_f_ggu_ oZjZdl_jbamxsb_ k\hckl\Z `b\h]h \_s_kl\Z Z dh \lhjuf g_`b\uo dhfihg_glh\ wdhkbkl_fu b __ \g_rg_c kj_^u AZf_lbf qlh kms_kl\mxl dZd \g_rgb_ [bhlbq_kdb_ gZijbf_j bgl_gkb\ghklv aZghkZ ba\g_ ba ^j wdhkbkl_fu k_fyg g_dhlh jh]h \b^Z \ wdhkbkl_fm lZd b \gmlj_ggb_ Z[bhlbq_kdb_ nZdlhju dZd dhgp H beb KH \ ijba_fghf keh_ \ha^moZ beb \ \h^_

Hkh[Zy jhev kj_^b wdheh]bq_kdbo nZdlhjh\ ijbgZ^e_`bl Z^^blb\guf nZdlhjZf oZjZdl_jbamxsbf qbke_gghklb [bhfZkku beb iehlghklb ihimey pbc hj]Zgbafh\ Z lZd`_ aZiZku beb dhgp_gljZpbb jZaebqguo nhjf \_s_kl \Z b wg_j]bb \j_f_ggu_ baf_g_gby dhlhjuo ih^qbgyxlky aZdhgZf khojZg_ gby QZklh ih^h[gu_ nZdlhju gZau\Zxl j_kmjkZfb J_kmjku wdhe nZdlh

ju GZijbf_j ]h\hjyl h j_kmjkZo l_ieZ \eZ]b hj]Zgbq_kdhc b fbg_ jZevghc ibsb b l ^ < hlebqb_ hl gbo lZdb_ nZdlhju dZd bgl_gkb\ghklv b ki_dljZevguc khklZ\ jZ^bZpbb mjh\_gv rmfZ l_fi_jZlmjZ kdhjhklv

\_ljZ beb l_q_gby b l ^ dhlhju_ lZd`_ fh]ml kbevgh \ebylv gZ nmgdpb hgbjh\Zgb_ wdhkbkl_fu g_ hlghkylky d j_kmjkZf Wlb nZdlhju lZd`_ gh g_ ijyfh k\yaZgu k aZdhgZfb khojZg_gby

IjbgpbibZevgZy ko_fZ khklZ\Z b \gmlj_gg_c kljmdlmju lbih\hc gZa_fghc wdhkbkl_fu

Ijba_fguc kehc \ha^moZ

Nblhp_gha @b\hlgh_ gZk_e_gb_

Fbdjh[gh_ gZk_e_gb_
Ihq\Z
=jmglh\u_ \h^u	=jmgl

IjbgpbibZevgZy ko_fZ khklZ\Z \h^ghc wdhkbkl_fu

GZ^\h^guc kehc

\ha^moZ

<h^gZy fZkkZ
Nblhp_gha		@b\hlgh_ gZk_e_gb_
Fbdjh[gh_
gZk_e_gb_
=jmglh\u_ \h^u		>hgguc ]jmgl

Qbkeh \k_\hafh`guo wdheh]bq_kdbo nZdlhjh\ ij_^klZ\ey_lky ihl_gpb Zevgh g_h]jZgbq_gguf H^gZdh ih kl_i_gb \ha^_ckl\by gZ wdhkbkl_fm hgb ^Ze_dh g_ jZ\ghkbevgu Ihwlhfm \u^_eyxlky gZb[he__ kms_kl\_ggu_ nZdlh

ju beb bfi_jZlb\gu_ < gZa_fguo wdhkbkl_fZo d qbkem \g_rgbo nZdlh jh\ dZd ijZ\beh hlghkylky bgl_gkb\ghklv kheg_qghc jZ^bZpbb l_fi_jZ lmjZ b \eZ`ghklv \ha^moZ bgl_gkb\ghklv Zlfhkn_jguo hkZ^dh\ kdhjhklv

\_ljZ kdhjhklv aZghkZ k_fyg b ^j aZjh^ur_c beb ijblhdZ \ajhkeuo hkh [_c jZaebqguo \b^h\ ba ^j wdhkbkl_f Z lZd`_ \k_\hafh`gu_ Zgljhih]_g gu_ nhjfu \ha^_ckl\by <gmlj_ggb_ bfi_jZlb\gu_ nZdlhju \ gZa_fguo wdh kbkl_fZo ij_^klZ\e_gu ke_^mxsbfb k\hckl\Zfb

fbdjhf_l_hjheh]bq_kdb_ hk\_s_gghklv l_fi_jZlmjZ b \eZ`ghklv ijba_fgh]h kehy \ha^moZ kh^_j`Zgb_ \ g_f H b KH

ihq\_ggu_ l_fi_jZlmjZ \eZ`ghklv nbabdh f_o k\hckl\Z obfkhklZ\ kh^_j`Zgb_ ]mfmkZ ^hklmighklv we_f_glh\ fbg_jZevgh]h iblZgby hdbkebl_evgh \hkklZgh\bl_evguc ihl_gpbZe

[bhlbq_kdb_ iehlghklv ihimeypbc jZaguo \b^h\ bo \hajZklghc b iheh\hc khklZ\ fhjnheh]bq_kdb_ nbabheh]bq_kdb_ b ih\_^_gq_kdb_ oZjZdl_jbklbdb

< \h^guo wdhkbkl_fZo \_^msbfb \g_rgbfb wdah]_ggufb nZdlhjZfb \uklmiZxl bgl_gkb\ghklv kheg_qghc jZ^bZpbb kdhjhklv l_q_gby ihklmi e_gb_ jZkl\hj_ggh]h b \a\_r_ggh]h \_s_kl\Z ijblhd hj]Zgbafh\ Zgljh ih]_ggu_ \ha^_ckl\by

Hij_^_eyxsbfb \gmlj_ggbfb wg^h]_ggufb \ gbo hdZau\Zxlky

k\hckl\Z Zdlb\gh]h kehy \ha^moZ gZ^ \h^ghc ih\_joghklvxl_fi_jZlmjZ kdhjhklv \_ljZ

k\hckl\Z \h^ghc lhesb hk\_s_gghklv fmlghklv l_fi_jZlmjZ khe_ghklv kh^_j`Zgb_ H b KH [bh]_gguo we_f_glh\ jZkl\hj_gguo b

\a\_r_gguo hj]Zgbq_kdbo \_s_kl\ dbkehlghklv hdbkebl_evgh \hkklZgh\b l_evguc ihl_gpbZe

k\hckl\Z ]jmglZ khklZ\ f_o obf b l ^ oZjZdl_j hkZ^dh\

[bhlbq_kdb_ k\hckl\Z

IjhkljZgkl\h wdheh]bq_kdbo nZdlhjh\

DZ`^hfm wdheh]bq_kdhfm nZdlhjm fh`gh khihklZ\blv fZl_fZlbq_kdmx i_j_f_ggmx ijbgbfZxsmx agZq_gb_ gZ g_dhlhjhc rdZe_ O Wdheh]bq_kdb_ nZdlhju fh]ml [ulv mihjy^hq_gu ih kbe_ bo hlghkbl_evgh]h \ha^_ckl\by gZ wdhkbkl_fm ?keb agZq_gb_ i_j\h]h ih kbe_ \ha^_ckl\by nZdlhjZ baf_ jy_lky i_j_f_gghc O \lhjh]h i_j_f_gghc OQ]h i_j_f_gghc

OQb l ^ lh \_kv dhfie_dk wdheh]bq_kdbo nZdlhjh\ fh`_l [ulv ij_^k

lZ\e_g ihke_^h\Zl_evghklvx O O OQO i_j_f_ggZy \_ebqbgZ wdheh]bq_kdh]h nZdlhjZ Qlh[u hoZjZdl_jbah\Zlv fgh`_kl\h \k_\hafh`guo dhfie_dkh\ wdhe nZdlhjh\ ihemqZxsboky ijb jZaebqguo agZq_gbyo dZ`^h

]h ba gbo fh`gh bkihevah\Zlv ^ey _]h hibkZgby yaud fZl_fZlbdb ^ey wlh]h g_h[oh^bfh \\_klb ihgylb_ ijhkljZgkl\Z wdheh]bq_kdbo nZdlhjh\ IjhkljZgkl\hf wdheh]bq_kdbo nZdlhjh\ gZa w\deb^h\h ijhkljZgkl\h

dhhj^bgZlu dhlhjh]h khihklZ\e_gu jZg`bjh\Zgguf wdheh]bq_kdbf nZdlhjZf FZl aZibkv \u]ey^bl ke_^mxsbf h[jZahf b h[hagZqZ_l qlh fgh`_kl\h

( >O O OQ `khklhbl ba \k_\hafh`guo ihke_^h\Zl_evghkl_c \b^Z

O O OQ

LZdbf h[jZahf dZ`^hc dhgdj_lghc dhf[bgZpbb agZq_gbc wdheh]bq_k dbo nZdlhjh\ O O O O OQ OQkhhl\_lkl\m_l lhqdZ wdheh]b q_kdh]h ijhkljZgkl\Z(k dhhj^bgZlZfb O O OQ

AZf_lbf qlh D SULRULg_ ij_^iheZ]Z_lky klZlbklbq_kdhc beb nmgd pbhgZevghc g_aZ\bkbfhklb nZdlhjh\ dhhj^bgZl wdheh]bq_kdh]h ijhkl jZgkl\Z GZijhlb\ h^ghc ba aZ^Zq wdheh]bb y\ey_lky \uykg_gb_ lZdhc aZ\bkbfhklb b mq_l __ \ebygby gZ ihdZaZl_eb nmgdpbhgbjh\Zgby wdhkbk l_fu __ ^bgZfbdm

Nmgdpby hldebdZ wdhkbkl_fu gZ kh\hdmighklv

wdheh]bq_kdbo nZdlhjh\

>ey dhebq_kl\_gghc oZjZdl_jbklbdb \ha^_ckl\by wdheh]bq_kdbo nZd lhjh\ gZ wdhkbkl_fm gZ ihdZaZl_eb `bag_^_yl_evghklb hkh[_c lZdb_ dZd kdhjhklv jhklZ jZa\blb_ ieh^h\blhklv ijh^he`bl_evghklv `bagb kf_jlghklv iblZgb_ ^\b]Zl_evgZy Zdlb\ghklv b l ^ imklv l hgb gmf_ jmxlky bg^_dkhf \\h^blky ihgylb_ h nmgdpbyo hldebdZ AgZq_ gby ijbgbfZ_fu_ k ghf_jhf gZ hij_^_e_gghc rdZe_ ijb \Zjvbjh\Zgbb wdh eh] nZdlhjh\ dZd ijZ\beh h]jZgbq_gu kgbam b k\_jom H[hagZqZ_f q_j_a hlj_ahd gZ rdZe_ baf_j_gbc h]jZgbq_gguc fbgbfZevgh b fZdk \hafh`gufb agZq_gbyfb lh]h ihdZaZl_ey

Nmgdpb_c hldebdZ Llh]h ihdZaZl_ey gZ kh\hdmighklv wdheh]bq_kdbo nZdlhjh\ o o Oi gZau\Z_lky nmgdpby hlh[jZ`ZxsZy wdheh]b q_kdh_ ijhkljZgkl\h gZ rdZem

dhlhjZy dZ`^hc lhqd_ o o Oi ijhkljZgkl\Z khihklZ\ey_l qbkeh

o o oi gZ rdZe_

>ey ijbf_jZ ijb bamq_gbb kdhjhklb qbklh]h nhlhkbgl_aZ ebklv_\

[hehlgh]h jZkl_gby \_j_kdZ \ay\ \ dZq_kl\_ wdheh]bq_kdbo nZdlhjh\ \k_]h ^\Z nZdlhjZ bgl_gkb\ghklv kheg_qghc jZ^bZpbb nZdlhj o b l_f i_jZlmjm \ha^moZ nZdlhj o ihemqbf h[eZklv agZq_gbc nmgdpbb >ey dZ`^hc ^himklbfhc dhf[bgZpbb bgl_gkb\ghklb jZ^bZpbb b l_fi_jZlmju

o o nmgdpby o o ihdZau\Z_l khhl\_lkl\mxs__ wlhfm khq_lZgbx nZdlhjh\ agZq_gb_ kdhjhklb qbklh]h nhlhkbgl_aZ

?keb nZdlhj o l_fi_jZlmjZ \ha^moZ baf_gy_lky hl h ^h hK Z

nZdlhj o bgl_gkb\ghklv kheg_qghc jZ^bZpbb hl ^h \l f lh kdhjhklv qbklh]h nhlhkbgl_aZ ijbgbfZ_l agZq_gby d f] KH ^f ebklh\hc ih\_joghklb \ qZk f] KH ^f qZk KH

Ohly qbkeh wdheh]bq_kdbo nZdlhjh\ ihl_gp g_ h]jZgbq_gh b [_kdh g_qgh qbkeh Zj]mf_glh\ nmgdpbb hldebdZ o o \ ^_ckl\bl_ev ghklb m^Z_lky \u^_eblv dhg_qgh_ qbkeh nZdlhjh\ h[hagZq_ggh]h q_j_a i k ihfhsvx dhlhjuo fh`gh h[tykgblv aZ^Zggmx qZklv hl ihegh]h \Zjvbjh\Z gby nmgdpbb hldebdZ GZijbf_j i_j\u_ nZdlhjZ fh]ml h[tykgblv

h[s_]h \Zjvbjh\Zgby ihdZaZl_ey i_j\u_ nZdlhjh\ JWKGVW

b l ^ HklZevgu_ g_ \hr_^rb_ \ qbkeh mdZaZgguo nZdlhjh\ g_ hdZ au\Zxl hij_^_eyxs_]h \ha^_ckl\by gZ bamqZ_fuc ihdZaZl_ev wdhkbkl_fu

Bo \ebygb_ fh`gh jZkkfZljb\Zlv dZd g_dhlhjuc wdheh]bq_kdbc rmf gZd eZ^u\Zxsbcky gZ ^_ckl\b_ bfi_jZlb\guo nZdlhjh\

Wlh iha\hey_l hl ijhkljZgkl\Z k [_kdhg_qguf qbkehf baf_g_gbc i_ j_clb d _]h i f_jghfm ih^ijhkljZgkl\m b jZkkfZljb\Zlv km`_gb_ nmgdpbb hldebdZ gZ wlh ih^ijhkljZgkl\h

Ijb wlhf agZq_gb_ nmgdpbb b k\yaZgu khhlghr_gb_f

]^_ wdheh]bq_kdbc rmf \ghkysbc g_agZqbl_evgu_ \hafms_gby \ ^_ckl\b_ bfi_jZlb\guo nZdlhjh\ Ihwlhfm ijb ZgZeba_ j_Zevguo kblmZpbc ke_^m_l jZkkfZljb\Zlv lhevdh nmgdpbb hl i i_j_f_gguo

H^ghc ba aZ^Zq wdheh]bb b y\ey_lky mklZgh\e_gb_ dhe aZ\bkbfhklb nmgdpbb hldebdZ hl wdheh]bq_kdbo nZdlhjh\

Ijbf_j o o Z Z Z Z Z

Bgl_gkb\ghklv nhlhkbgl_aZ dZd nmgdpby hk\_s_gghklb o b dhgp

KH \h \g_r \ha^mo_ o Z Z oZjZd ^bnnmabx KH \ de_ld_ b f_`d e_l ijhkljZgkl\_

Zh Z Z Z Z o o Z Z Z Z Z o o Z

Zh Z Z ba\_kl nmgdpbb hk\_s o

I_j\uc \hafh`guc rZ] gZ imlb mklZg dhe aZ\bkbf nmgdpbb hldebdZ hl wdheh] nZdlhjh\ mklZgh\e_gb_ qZklghc aZ\bkbfhklb hl Zj]mf_glZ ijb nbdkbjh\Zgguo agZq_gbyo ^jm]bo GZijbf_j iml_f ki_pbZevghc hj]Z gbaZpbb hiulZ fh`gh ijb^Zlv nZdlhjZf o oi g_dhlhju_ agZq_gby o

oi b \Zjvbjmy lhevdh i_j_f_ggmx o ihemqblv hp_gdm qZklghc nmgdpbb hldebdZ gZ __ baf_g_gb_

o o o oi

Ijhp_^mjZ \Zjvbjh\Zgby o b baf_g_gby khhl\_lkl\mxs_]h hldebdZ o ih\lhjy_lky ijb ^jm]bo nbdkbjh\Zgguo dhf[bgZpbyo agZq_gbc nZdlhjh\

o oi o oi b l ^ LZdbf h[jZahf kljhylky nmgd pbb o o b l ^

:gZeh]bqguf h[jZahf fh`gh ihklmiblv b k ^jm]bfb nZdlhjZfb qlh

^Z_l \ blh]_ ihke_^h\Zl_evghklv qZklguo nmgdpbc hldebdZ gZ dZ`^uc ba nZdlhjh\ ih hl^_evghklb

o o o

o o o

i oi i oi i oi

< lbibqguo kemqZyo ]jZnbd qZklghc nmgdpbb hldebdZ gZ baf_g_gb_ nZdlhjZ o i bf__l nhjfm \uimdehc djb\hc fhghlhggh \hajZklZx s_c hl fbgbfZevgh]h agZq_gby nZdlhjZ o gb`gbc ij_^_e lhe_jZglghklb ^h fZdkbfmfZ ijb hilbfZevguo agZq_gbyo nZdlhjZ oh b fhghlhggh m[u\Zx s_c k ijb[eb`_gb_f o d fZdkbfZevghfm agZq_gbx o \_jogbc ij_^_e lhe_ jZglghklb Bgl_j\Ze O >O O @h]jZgbq_gguc fbgbfZevguf b fZdkb fZevguf agZq_gb_f lh]h nZdlhjZ gZau\Z_lky bgl_j\Zehf lhe_jZglghklb ih ^Zgghfm nZdlhjm Z lhqdZ beb bgl_j\Ze Oh \ dhlhjhc ^hklb]Z_lky fZdkbfZevgh_ agZq_gb_f ihdZaZl_ey gZau\Z_lky lhqdhc ahghc hilbfmfZ ih ^Zgghfm nZdlhjm LZdbf h[jZahf ^bZiZahg ^_ckl\by beb ahgZ lhe_ jZglghklb wdheh]bq_kdh]h nZdlhjZ h]jZgbq_g djZcgbfb ihjh]h\ufb agZq_ gbyfb ^Zggh]h nZdlhjZ ijb dhlhjuo \hafh`gh kms_kl\h\Zgb_ hj]ZgbafZ

Fu m`_ mihfbgZeb qlh ijb hij_^_e_gbb wdheh]bq_kdh]h ijhkljZgkl\Z ^Zgghc wdhkbkl_fu ijhba\h^blky jZg`bjh\Zgb_ nZdlhjh\ ih bo hlghkbl_ev ghc \Z`ghklb O O Oi >ey dZ`^hc wdhkbkl_fu kh\hdmighklv b ihke_

^h\Zl_evghklv \ ihjy^d_ jZg`bjh\Zgby wlbo nZdlhjh\ aZf_lgh hlebqZxlky < lh `_ \j_fy \ dhgdj_lguo kemqZyo ijb jZaebqguo dhf[bgZpbyo agZq_gbc wdheh]bq_kdbo nZdlhjh\ bo hlghkbl_evgh_ \ebygb_ gZ nmgdpbx hldebdZ hj ]Zgbafh\ fh`_l kbevgh baf_gylvky dZd \ j_amevlZl_ \aZbfh^_ckl\by nZd lhjh\ lZd b \ke_^kl\b_ jZaebqbc \ Z^ZilZpbhgguo kihkh[ghklyo kms_kl

\mxsbo hj]Zgbafh\ Ijb wlhf fh`gh \u^_eblv ^\Z \aZbfhk\yaZgguo \hijh

kZ dZdhc ba nZdlhjh\ bf__l [hevr__ hlghkbl_evgh_ \ebygb_ gZ baf_ g_gb_ nmgdpbb hldebdZ o oi ijb ^Zgghc dhf[bgZpbb wdheh]bq_kdbo nZdlhjh\ o oi ijb ^Zgghc lhqd_ ?

khojZgy_lky eb hlghkbl_evgZy \eZ`ghklv nZdlhjh\ ijb i_j_oh^_ d ^jm]bf lhqdZf ijhkljZgkl\Z wdheh]bq_kdbo nZdlhjh\ ^hklZlhqgh hlebqZx sboky hl ^Zgghc lhqdb o oi gZijbf_j d lhqd_

o oi

Hl\_l gZ i_j\uc \hijhk [ue \i_j\u_ ^Zg X Eb[bohf knhjfmebjh\Z\rbfaZdhg fbgbfmfZ b iha^g__ ^hiheg_g R_enhj^hf dhlhjuc ijb^Ze _fm nhjfm aZdhgZ lhe_jZglghklb Ihke_^gbc fh`gh knhjfmebjh\Zlv ke_^mxsbf h[jZahf

Ijbkmlkl\b_ beb ijhp\_lZgb_ hj]ZgbafZ \ ^Zgghf f_klhh[blZgbb aZ \bkbl hl dhfie_dkZ wdheh]bq_kdbo nZdlhjh\ Ih dZ`^hfm nZdlhjm bf__lky

^bZiZahg lhe_jZglghklb aZ ij_^_eZfb dhlhjh]h hj]Zgbaf g_ kihkh[_g km s_kl\h\Zlv G_\hafh`ghklv ijhp\_lZgby beb hlkmlkl\b_ hj]ZgbafZ hij_^_ ey_lky l_fb nZdlhjZfb agZq_gby dhlhjuo ijb[eb`Zxlky beb \uoh^yl aZ ij_^_eu lhe_jZglghklb

Ebfblbjmxsbf [m^_f kqblZlv lZdhc nZdlhj ih dhlhjhfm ^ey ^hklb`_ gby aZ^Zggh]h ^hklZlhqgh fZeh]h hlghkbl_evgh]h baf_g_gby nmgdpbb hldebdZ lj_[m_lky fbgbfZevgh_ hlghkbl_evgh_ baf_g_gb_ wlh]h nZdlhjZ