118Unit 2: The Three-Step Writing Process
■Numbered and bulleted lists. Let your software do the busywork of formatting numbered and bulleted lists. It can also automatically renumber lists when you add or remove items, saving you the embarrassment of misnumbering.
■Tables. Tables are great for displaying any information that lends itself to rows and columns, including calendars, numeric data, comparisons, and multicolumn bulleted lists. Use paragraph and font formatting thoughtfully within tables for the best look.
■Images, text boxes, and objects. Word processing and desktop publishing software let you insert a wide variety of images (using industry-standard formats such as JPEG and GIF). Text boxes are small blocks of text that stand apart from the main text and can be placed anywhere on the page; they are great for captions, callouts, margin notes, and so on. Objects can be anything from a spreadsheet to a sound clip to an engineering drawing. Similarly, blogging systems, wikis, and other web development tools let you insert a variety of pictures, audio and video clips, and other multimedia elements.
By improving the appearance of your documents with these tools, you’ll improve your readers’ impressions of you and your messages, too.
6 LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Explain the importance of proofreading, and give six tips for successful proofreading.
Your credibility is affected by your attention to the details of mechanics and form.
The types of details to look for when proofreading include language errors, missing material, design errors, and typographical errors.
Proofreading Your Message
Proofreading is the quality inspection stage for your documents. It is your last chance to make sure your document is ready to carry your message—and your reputation—to the intended audience. Even a small mistake can doom your efforts, so take proofreading seriously.
Look for two types of problems: (1) undetected mistakes from the writing, design, and layout stages and (2) mistakes that crept in during production. For the first category, you can review format and layout guidelines in Appendix A (including standard formats for letters and memos) and brush up on writing basics with the Handbook of Grammar, Mechanics, and Usage at the end of the book. The second category can include anything from computer glitches such as incorrect typefaces to problem web links to problems with the ink used in printing. Be particularly vigilant with complex documents and complex production processes that involve teams of people and multiple computers. Strange things can happen as files move from computer to computer, especially when lots of multimedia elements are involved.
To be most effective, proofreading should be a methodical procedure in which you look for specific problems. Here is some advice from the pros:
■Make multiple passes. Go through the document several times, focusing on a different aspect each time. For instance, look for content errors the first time and layout errors the second time.
REAL-TIME UPDATES
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Practical advice for thorough proofreading
Identify and correct common problems in business writing with this handy guide. Go to http://real-timeupdates
.com/bce6 and click on Learn More. If you are using MyBcommLab, you can access Real-Time Updates within each chapter or under Student Study Tools.
■Use perceptual tricks. To keep from missing errors that are “in plain sight,” try reading pages backward, placing your finger under each word and reading it silently, covering everything but the line you’re currently reading, or reading the document aloud.
■Focus on high-priority items. Double-check names, titles, dates, addresses, and any number that could cause grief if incorrect.
■Get some distance. If possible, don’t proofread immediately after finishing the document. Let your brain wander off to new topics and then come back fresh later.
■Stay focused and vigilant. Block out distractions and focus as completely as possible on your proofreading. Avoid reading large amounts of material in one sitting and try not to proofread when you’re tired.
■Take your time. Quick proofreading is not careful proofreading. Table 5.4 offers some handy tips to improve your proofreading efforts.
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TABLE 5.4 Proofreading Tips
Look for Writing and Typing Errors
Typographical mistakes
Misspelled words
Grammatical errors
Punctuation mistakes
Look for Design and Layout Errors
Violation of company standards
Page or screen layout errors (such as incorrect margins and column formatting)
Clumsy page breaks or line breaks
Inconsistent font usage (such as with headings and subheadings)
Alignment problems (columns, headers, footers, and graphics)
Missing or incorrect page and section numbers
Missing or incorrect page headers or footers
Missing or incorrect URLs, email addresses, or other contact information
Missing or incorrect photos and other graphical elements
Missing or incorrect source notes, copyright notices, or other reference items
Look for Production Errors
Printing problems
Browser compatibility problems
Incorrect or missing tags on blog posts
Distributing Your Message
With the production finished, you’re ready to distribute your message. You don’t always have a choice of which distribution method to use, but if you do, consider the following factors:
■Cost. Cost isn’t a concern for most messages, but for multiple copies of lengthy reports or multimedia productions, it might well be. Weigh the cost and the benefits before you decide. Be sure to consider the nonverbal message you send regarding cost as well. Overnight delivery of a printed report could look responsive in one instance and wasteful in another, for example.
7 LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Discuss the most important issues to consider when distributing your messages.
Consider cost, convenience, time, security, and privacy when choosing a distribution method.
■Convenience. Make sure your audience can conveniently access the material you send. For instance, sending huge files may be fine on a fast office network, but receiving such files can be a major headache for remote colleagues trying to download them over slower wireless networks.
■Time. How soon does the message need to reach the audience? Don’t waste money on overnight delivery if the recipient won’t read a report for a week.
■Security and privacy. The convenience offered by electronic communication needs to be weighed against security and privacy concerns. For the most sensitive messages, your company will probably have restrictions on distribution (including who is allowed to receive certain messages and the channels you can use to distribute them). In addition, most computer users are wary of opening attachments these days, particularly word processor files (which are vulnerable to macro viruses and other risks). As an alternative, you can convert your documents to PDF files using Adobe Acrobat or an equivalent product.
120 Unit 2: The Three-Step Writing Process
END OF CHAPTER
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CHAPTER REVIEW AND ACTIVITIES
Learning Objectives: Check Your Progress
1 OBJECTIVE Discuss the value of careful revision, and describe the tasks involved in evaluating your first drafts and the work of other writers.
Revision is an essential aspect of completing messages because it can nearly always make your first drafts tighter, clearer, and more compelling. Revision consists of three main tasks: (1) evaluating content, organization, and tone;
(2) reviewing for readability; and (3) editing for clarity and conciseness. After you revise your message, complete it by using design elements effectively, proofreading to ensure quality, and distributing it to your audience.
When asked to evaluate, edit, or revise someone else’s work, recognize the dual responsibility that doing so entails: Remember that your job is to help the other writer succeed at his or her task, and make sure you understand the writer’s intent.
2 OBJECTIVE List four techniques you can use to improve the readability of your messages.
Four techniques that improve readability are varying sentence length, keeping paragraphs short, using lists and bullets, and adding headings and subheadings. Varying sentence length helps make your writing more dynamic while emphasizing the most important points. Paragraphs are usually best kept short to make it easier for readers to consume information in manageable chunks. Lists and bullets are effective devices for delineating sets of items, steps, or other collections of related information. Headings and subheadings organize your message, call attention to important information, and help readers make connections between related pieces of information.
3 OBJECTIVE Describe the steps you can take to improve the clarity of your writing, and give four tips on making your writing more concise.
As you work to clarify your messages, (1) break up overly long sentences, (2) rewrite hedging sentences, (3) impose parallelism, (4) correct dangling modifiers, (5) reword long noun sequences, (6) replace camouflaged verbs, (7) clarify sentence structure, and (8) clarify awkward references. To
make messages more concise, include only necessary material and write uncluttered sentences by (1) deleting unnecessary words and phrases, (2) shortening overly long words and phrases, (3) eliminating redundancies, and (4) recasting sentences that begin with “It is” and “There are.”
4 OBJECTIVE Identify four software tools that can help you revise messages, and explain the risks of using them.
Software tools that can help with revision include a spell checker, grammar checker, thesaurus, and style checker. Although these tools can be quite helpful, writers need to remember that they aren’t foolproof, and writers shouldn’t count on them without verifying their suggestions.
5 OBJECTIVE List four principles of effective design, and explain the role of major design elements in document readability.
Four key principles of effective design are consistency, balance, restraint, and detail. Major design elements for documents include white space, margins and justification, typefaces, and type styles. White space provides contrast and balance. Margins define the space around the text and contribute to the amount of white space. Typefaces influence the tone of the message. Type styles—boldface, italics, and un- derlining—provide contrast or emphasis. When selecting and applying design elements, be consistent throughout your document; balance text, art, and white space; show restraint in the number of elements you use; and pay attention to every detail.
6 OBJECTIVE Explain the importance of proofreading, and give six tips for successful proofreading.
Proofreading is the quality inspection stage for your documents. It is your last chance to make sure your document is ready to carry your message—and your reputation—to the intended audience. Even a small mistake can doom your efforts, so take proofreading seriously. Six tips for effective proofreading are (1) make multiple passes looking for specific problems each time, (2) use perceptual tricks such as reading backwards or reading aloud, (3) focus on high priority items, (4) try not to proofread immediately after
completing a document, (5) stay focused and vigilant, and
(6) take your time.
7 OBJECTIVE Discuss the most important issues to consider when distributing your messages.
Consider cost, convenience, time, security, and privacy when choosing the method to distribute your messages. Always consider security and privacy issues before distributing messages that contain sensitive or confidential information.
Test Your Knowledge
To review chapter content related to each question, refer to the indicated Learning Objective.
1.What are the four main tasks involved in completing a business message? [LO-1]
2. What are your responsibilities when you review and edit the work of others? [LO-1]
3.What is parallel construction, and why is it important? [LO-2]
4. Why is proofreading an important part of the writing process? [LO-6]
5. What factors should you consider when choosing a method for distributing a message (other than for systems where you don’t have a choice)? [LO-7]
Apply Your Knowledge
To review chapter content related to each question, refer to the indicated Learning Objective.
1. Why is it essential to understand the writer’s intent before suggesting or making changes to another person’s document? [LO-1]
2.What are the ethical implications of murky, complex writing in a document whose goal is to explain how cus-
tomers can appeal the result of a decision made in the company’s favor during a dispute? [LO-3]
3. What nonverbal signals can you send by your choice of distribution methods? [LO-7]
Practice Your Skills
Exercises for Perfecting Your Writing
To review chapter content related to each set of exercises, refer to the indicated Learning Objective.
Revising Messages: Clarity Break the following sentences into shorter ones; revise as necessary to maintain sense and smooth flow. [LO-3]
1.The next time you write something, check your average sentence length in a 100-word passage, and if your sentences average more than 16 to 20 words, see whether you can break up some of the sentences.
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2.Don’t do what the village blacksmith did when he instructed his apprentice as follows: “When I take the shoe out of the fire, I’ll lay it on the anvil, and when I nod my head, you hit it with the hammer.” The apprentice did just as he was told, and now he’s the village blacksmith.
3.Unfortunately, no gadget will produce excellent writing, but using spell checkers and grammar checkers can help by catching common spelling errors and raising grammatical points that writers might want to reconsider, such as suspect sentence structure and problems with noun–verb agreement.
4.Know the flexibility of the written word and its power to convey an idea, and know how to make your words behave so that your readers will understand.
Revising Messages: Conciseness Eliminate unnecessary words in the following sentences. [LO-3]
5.The board cannot act without a consensus of opinion.
6.To surpass our competitors, we need new innovations both in products and in company operations.
7.George McClannahan has wanted to be head of engineering a long period of time, and now he has finally gotten the promotion.
8.Don’t pay more than you have to; you can get our new fragrance for a price of just $50.
Revising Messages: Conciseness Revise the following sentences, using shorter, simpler words. [LO-3]
9.The antiquated calculator is ineffectual for solving sophisticated problems.
10.It is imperative that the pay increments be terminated before an inordinate deficit is accumulated.
11.There was unanimity among the executives that Ms. Jackson’s idiosyncrasies were cause for a mandatory meeting with the company’s personnel director.
12.The impending liquidation of the company’s assets was cause for jubilation among the company’s competitors.
Revising Messages: Conciseness Use infinitives as substitutes for the overly long phrases in the following sentences. [LO-3]
13.For living, I require money.
14.They did not find sufficient evidence for believing in the future.
15.Bringing about the destruction of a dream is tragic.
Revising Messages: Conciseness Condense the following sentences to as few words as possible; revise as needed to maintain clarity and sense. [LO-3]
16.We are of the conviction that writing is important.
17.In all probability, we’re likely to have a price increase.
18.Our goals include making a determination about that in the near future.
19.When all is said and done at the conclusion of this experiment, I’d like to summarize the final windup.
122 Unit 2: The Three-Step Writing Process
Revising Messages: Modifiers Remove all the unnecessary modifiers from the following sentences. [LO-3]
20.Tremendously high pay increases were given to the extraordinarily skilled and extremely conscientious employees.
21.The union’s proposals were highly inflationary, extremely demanding, and exceptionally bold.
Revising Messages: Hedging Rewrite the following sentences so that they no longer contain any hedging. [LO-3]
22.It would appear that someone apparently entered illegally.
23.It may be possible that sometime in the near future the situation is likely to improve.
24.Your report seems to suggest that we might be losing money.
25.I believe Nancy apparently has somewhat greater influence over employees in the new-accounts department.
Revising Messages: Indefinite Starters Rewrite the following sentences to eliminate the indefinite starters (forms of There are or It is). [LO-3]
26.There are several examples here to show that Elaine can’t hold a position very long.
27.It would be greatly appreciated if every employee would make a generous contribution to Mildred Cook’s retirement party.
28.It has been learned in Washington today from generally reliable sources that an important announcement will be made shortly by the White House.
29.There is a rule that states that we cannot work overtime without permission.
Revising Messages: Parallelism Revise the following sentences to fix the parallelism problems. [LO-3]
30.Mr. Hill is expected to lecture three days a week, to counsel two days a week, and must write for publication in his spare time.
31.She knows not only accounting, but she also reads Latin.
32.Both applicants had families, college degrees, and were in their thirties, with considerable accounting experience but few social connections.
33.This book was exciting, well written, and held my interest.
Revising Messages: Awkward References Revise the following sentences to delete the awkward references. [LO-3]
34.The vice president in charge of sales and the production manager are responsible for funding the demo unit program and the loaner unit program, respectively.
35.The demo unit program and the loaner unit program are funded from different budgets, with the former the responsibility of the vice president in charge of sales and the latter the responsibility of the production manager.
36.The budgets for the demo unit program and the loaner unit program were increased this year, with the aforementioned budgets being increased 10 percent in both cases.
37.A laser printer and an inkjet printer were delivered to John and Megan, respectively.
Revising Messages: Dangling Modifiers Rewrite the following sentences to clarify the dangling modifiers. [LO-3]
38.Running down the railroad tracks in a cloud of smoke, we watched the countryside glide by.
39.Lying on the shelf, Ruby saw the seashell.
40.In need of a major equipment upgrade, I think the factory would be a bad investment.
41.Being cluttered and filthy, Sandy took the whole afternoon to clean up her desk.
Revising Messages: Noun Sequences Rewrite the following sentences to eliminate the long strings of nouns. [LO-3]
42.The focus of the meeting was a discussion of the bank interest rate deregulation issue.
43.Following the government task force report recommendations, we are revising our job applicant evaluation procedures.
44.The production department quality assurance program components include employee training, supplier cooperation, and computerized detection equipment.
45.The supermarket warehouse inventory reduction plan will be implemented next month.
Revising Messages: Sentence Structure Rearrange each of the following sentences to bring the subjects closer to their verbs. [LO-3]
46.Trudy, when she first saw the bull pawing the ground, ran.
47.It was Terri who, according to Ted, who is probably the worst gossip in the office (Tom excepted), mailed the wrong order.
48.William Oberstreet, in his book Investment Capital Reconsidered, writes of the mistakes that bankers through the decades have made.
49.Judy Schimmel, after passing up several sensible investment opportunities, despite the warnings of her friends and family, invested her inheritance in a jojoba plantation.
Revising Messages: Camouflaged Verbs Rewrite each of the following sentences so that the verbs are no longer camouflaged. [LO-3]
50.Adaptation to the new rules was performed easily by the employees.
51.The assessor will make a determination of the tax due.
52.Verification of the identity of the employees must be made daily.
53.The board of directors made a recommendation that Mr. Ronson be assigned to a new division.
Activities
Active links for all websites in this chapter can be found on MyBCommLab; see your User Guide for instructions on accessing the content for this chapter. Each activity is labeled according to the primary skill or skills you will need to use. To review relevant chapter content, you can refer to the
indicated Learning Objective. In some instances, supporting information will be found in another chapter, as indicated.
1.Collaboration: Evaluating the Work of Other Writers [LO-1] Visit http://real-timeupdates.com/bce6, click on Student Assignments, then select Chapter 5, page 123, Activity 1. Download and open the document using word processing software that can accommodate Microsoft Word documents and offers revision tracking and commenting features. Using your knowledge of effective writing and the tips on page 105 for evaluating the work of other writers, evaluate this message. Using the revision tracking feature, make any necessary corrections. Insert comments, as needed, to explain your changes to the author.
2.Completing: Evaluating Content, Organization, and Tone; Collaboration: Using Collaboration Technologies [LO-1], Chapter 2 Visit http://real-timeupdates
.com/bce6, click on Student Assignments, and then select Chapter 5, page 123, Activity 2. Copy the text of this assignment and use it to start a document in Zoho (www
.zoho.com; free for personal use) or a comparable collaboration system. In a team of three or four students, evaluate the content, organization, and tone of this message. After you reach agreement on the problems in the message, use the system’s tools to rewrite and revise the text.
3.Communication Ethics: Making Ethical Choices; Media Skills: Blogging [LO-3] The time and energy required for careful revision can often benefit you or your company directly. For example, reader-friendly product descriptions will increase the probability that website visitors will buy your products. But what about situations in which the quality of your writing and revision work really doesn’t stand to benefit you directly? For instance, assume that you are putting a notice on your website, informing the local community about some upcoming construction to your manufacturing plant. The work will disrupt traffic for nearly a year and generate a significant amount of noise and air pollution, but knowing the specific dates and times of various construction activities will allow people to adjust their commutes and other activities to minimize the negative impact on their daily lives. However, your company does not sell products in the local area, so the people affected by all this are not potential customers. Moreover, providing accurate information to the surrounding community and updating it as the project progresses will take time away from your other job responsibilities. Do you have an ethical obligation to keep the local community informed with accurate, up-to-date information? Why or
why not? In a post on your class blog, explain your position on this question.
4. Completing: Revising for Readability [LO-2] Rewrite the following paragraph using a parallel bulleted list and one introductory sentence:
Our forensic accounting services provide the insights
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risk intelligently. One of our areas of practice is insurance claims accounting and preparation services, designed to help you maximize recovery of insured value. Another practice area is dispute advisory, in which we can assist with discovery, expert witness testimony, and economic analysis. A third practice: construction consulting. This service helps our clients understand why large-scale construction projects fail to meet schedule or budget requirements. Fourth, we offer general investigative and forensic accounting services, including fraud detection and proof of loss analysis.9
5. Completing: Revising for Readability [LO-2] Rewrite the following paragraph to vary the length of the sentences and to shorten the paragraph so it looks more inviting to readers:
Although major league baseball remains popular, more people are attending minor league baseball games because they can spend less on admission, snacks, and parking and still enjoy the excitement of America’s pastime. Connecticut, for example, has three AA minor league teams, including the New Haven Ravens, who are affiliated with the St. Louis Cardinals; the Norwich Navigators, who are affiliated with the New York Yankees; and the New Britain Rock Cats, who are affiliated with the Minnesota Twins. These teams play in relatively small stadiums, so fans are close enough to see and hear everything, from the swing of the bat connecting with the ball to the thud of the ball landing in the outfielder’s glove. Best of all, the cost of a family outing to see rising stars play in a local minor league game is just a fraction of what the family would spend to attend a major league game in a much larger, more crowded stadium.
6.Completing: Designing for Readability; Media Skills: Blogging [LO-5] Compare the home pages of Bloomberg (www.bloomberg.com) and MarketWatch (www
.marketwatch.com), two websites that cover financial markets. What are your first impressions of these two sites? How do their overall designs compare in terms of information delivery and overall user experience? Choose three pieces of information that a visitor to these sites would be likely to look for, such as a current stock price, news from international markets, and commentary from market experts. Which site makes it easier to find this information? Why? Present your analysis
in a post for your class blog.
7. Completing: Designing for Readability [LO-5] Visit http://real-timeupdates.com/bce6, click on Student Assignments, and then select Chapter 5, page 123, Activity 7. Download and open the document in word processing software capable of handling Microsoft Word v. Using the various page, paragraph, and font formatting options available in your word processor, modify the formatting of the document so that its visual tone matches the tone of the message.
needed to resolve disputes, recover losses, and manage