3. Read the text and choose the most suitable heading from the list (1-7) for each paragraph. There is one extra heading which you don’t need to use:

1. Means of creating Web pages

2. Development of a ‘semantic’ Web

3. The work of the physics research institute

4. Foundation of the W3C

5. A fundamental principle in the Net

6. Berners-Lee’s achievements

7. The idea of the World Wibe Web

A) A graduate of Oxford University, Tim Berners-Lee created what would become the World Wide Web in 1989 while working at CERN, the giant European physics research institute. At CERN, he struggled with connecting the dozens of incompatible computer systems and software that had been brought to the laboratories by thousands of scientists from around the world. Each system required a specialized access procedure, so researchers didn’t even hope to find out what their colleagues were doing or to learn about existing software tools that might solve their problems.

B) Berners-Lee’s solution was to bypass traditional database systems and to consider text on all systems as “pages” that would have a unique address, a universal document identifier (later known as a uniform resource locator, or URL). He and his assistants used existing ideas of hypertext to link words and phrases on one page to another page, and adapted existing hypertext editing software for the NeXT computer to create the first World Wide Web pages, a server that provided access to the pages and a simple browser, a program that could be used to read pages and follow the links as the reader wanted. But while existing hypertext systems allowed browsing a single file or the contents of a single computer system, Berners-Lee’s World Wide Web used the emerging Internet to provide nearly universal access.

C) Between 1990 and 1993, news about Web spread throughout the academic community because Web software was written for more computer platforms. In 1994 Berners-Lee founded the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and continues as its director. Together with his colleagues, he has tried to develop tools that would empower the user to make the final decision about the information he or she would see or spread.

D) Berners-Lee now works as a senior researcher at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. According to his original view of the Web, users would create Web pages as easily as they could read them, using software that would be no more complicated than a word processor. While there are programs today that hide the details of HTML coding and allow creating Web page easily, Berners-Lee feels the Web must be even easier to use if it becomes a truly interactive, open-ended knowledge system. He is also interested in developing software that can handle the rich variety of information on the Web, creating a “semantic” Web of meaningful connections that would allow doing logical analysis and help human beings and machines not merely to connect, but to actively collaborate.

E) Berners-Lee has spoken out for “net neutrality,” the idea that priority that is given to material passing over the Internet should not depend on its content or origin. He thinks that equal treatment should be a fundamental democratic principle in the Net today.

F) Berners-Lee has got numerous awards and honorary degrees. In 1997 he was made an Officer of the British Empire, and in 2001 he became a Fellow of the British Royal Society. Berners-Lee also received the Japan Prize in 2002 and in that same year shared the Asturias Award with fellow Internet pioneers Lawrence Roberts, Robert Kahn, and Vinton Cerf. In 2007 Berners-Lee received the Charles Stark Draper Prize of the U.S. National Academy of Engineering.