1.Прочитайте текст, расположите ниже приведённые утверждения в соответствии с развитием темы текста.

А. The inventiveness of Americans resulted in the economic activity all over the world.

B. The new methods of manufacturing helped to advance American industry.

C. The Industrial Revolution in Britain took place at the time of Smith’s book.

D. Americans lost no time in industrializing their country.

The birth of the United States and the publication of Smith's book came at a time when yet another kind of revolution was taking place, the Industrial Revolution. In England, especially, machinery run by water power and later by steam power was used to manufacture cloth. This changed the ways that people worked. Instead of weaving cloth at home, people worked in factories where the machinery made much more cloth in a short time.

Americans lost no time in industrializing their new nation and in building trade with other countries. In the 1790s, an Englishmen named Samuel Slater came to America to build a cotton cloth factory. He built the machinery from memory, because it was a crime to carry factory plans out of England. The success of Slater's factory started a process of change that turned the northeastern region of the United States into an important manufacturing center. The making¹ of textiles also meant increased demand for cotton, grown in the southern region of the United States. As a result, the nation became a major cotton producer.

Just as Slater's new factory system was being introduced, an American named Eli Whitney made cotton production more efficient by inventing a machine - the cotton gin- - that rapidly removed the seeds from the bolls of cotton. Removing the seeds by hand was a difficult task; Whitney's machine made the job almost easy.

Whitney also began manufacturing rifles in a new way. Guns had always been made by gunmakers working in their homes or small shops. Because the guns were handmade individually, a part from one gun would not necessarily fit another gun. Whitney began making guns with machinery, so that all the parts were the same in each gun. This method of manufacturing goods in a factory, with interchangeable parts, helped to advance American industry.

The inventiveness of people like Slater and Whitney set the United States on a course of great economic activity. Its merchants and shipowners were conducting trade with people around the world. Its farmers were producing more food for s growing population. More people were working in factories, and an increasing number of stores and shops opened in the cities. This economic activity increased as a result of new inventions. Some of the inventions were original American ideas; others were adapted from inventions created elsewhere.

2.Пользуясь словарем уточните значение и произношение слов:

Trade, to industrialize, machinery, textiles, to produce, efficient, to advance, product.

Найдите в тексте предложения с данными словами, переведите их.

3.Найдите эквиваленты слов и словосочетаний в тексте, вы­пишите их.

Вместо; в результате; по-новому; так чтобы; по пути (экономичес­кого развития); способ (производства).

4. Прочитайте текст, ответьте на вопросы:

1. What kind of revolution was taking place at the time when Smith wrote his book?

2. How did industrial revolution change the ways of working?

3. What is Samuel Slater famous for?

4. Did Whitney play a great role in American industry?

5. What did the economic activity of businessmen result in?

5. Разделите текст на логические части, выделите в каждой из них ключевые предложения (содержащие основную информацию). Напи­шите краткое содержание текста.

6. Прочитайте текст. Расскажите о Генри Форде и его вкладе в развитие промышленности США. Озаглавьте текст.

The founding of the Ford Motor Company was to have an importance in the field of motor cars not only from the point of view of mass production, but above all because it highlighted, right from its beginning, the philosophy of the car for masses. Along with these revolutionary ideas, Henry Ford, creator, animator, and commander of the company throughout, introduced a number of other novel concepts. In particular he believed that not only the largest possible number of people should enjoy the products of his factory, but also that the largest number of people should share in the material benefits created by the production itself.

The Ford Motor Company was founded on the 16^th June of 1903 with a capital of $150,000. Henry Ford became Vice-President and also assumed the post of Chief Engineer and General manager. Among the shareholders were the Dodge brothers, ex-mechanics, who opened a workshop in Detroit after having for some years manufactured bicycles which used ball-bearings of their own design. Though the new Ford Company was too much a risk the Dodges accepted Ford’s offer of 10 per cent of the shares in return for providing the machine tools for the factory he was building and for beginning the production of Ford engines in their own workshop.

The beginning was not easy. There was strong competition from such established companies as Cadillac, Oldsmobile, Reo and Packard. Ford distinguished his models in the way which was unique in those days when other manufacturers were applying names to impress the public. Ford gave letters to his cars.

Model “N” was produced in1906 and represented Ford’s first attempt to enter the mass market. Its price was as low as $600, which was the direct competition with the single –cylinder cars of other manufacturers (the “N” was a four-cylinder). It was well accepted by the public but was not a commercial success. Ford had not yet introduced those productive techniques which were to allow him to reduce manufacturing costs considerably, as he did with the later model “T”.

TEXT 5. CHANGES IN INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT