- •Утверждаю Проректор по учебной работе
- •1. Цели и задачи дисциплины, её место в учебном процессе
- •1.1. Цель преподавания дисциплины
- •1.2. Задачи изучения дисциплины
- •2.1.4. Аудирование.
- •Письмо. (3 часа)
- •Литература дополнительная
- •Дополнительные информационные источники
- •Карта обеспеченности учебно-методической литературой
- •Выполнение контрольных заданий и оформление контрольных работ.
- •Образец оформление титульного листа
- •Грамматический справочник Соответствие английских временных форм временным формам русского языка
- •Функции глагола to be
- •Функции глагола to have
- •Причастие
- •Функции причастия в предложении. Основные способы перевода.
- •Сопоставление перевода причастий в функции определения и обстоятельства
- •Независимый причастный оборот
- •Герундий
- •Формы герундия
- •Функции герундия
- •Герундиальный оборот
- •Функции герундия и причастия
- •Условные предложения
- •Инфинитив
- •Функции инфинитива
- •Инфинитивный оборот с предлогом for.
- •Инфинитив как часть сложного дополнения.
- •Инфинитив как часть сложного подлежащего
- •Сослагательное наклонение
- •Употребление различных форм сослагательного наклонения.
- •Контрольные задания Контрольное задание № 1
- •Вариант № 1
- •Вариант № 2
- •Вариант № 3
- •Контрольное задание № 2 Вариант 1
- •Деловая часть
Сослагательное наклонение
Сослагательное наклонение показывает, что говорящий рассматривает действие не как реальный факт, а как предполагаемое, желательное или нереальное.
В русском языке имеется только одна форма сослагательного наклонения – сочетание формы глагола прошедшего времени с частицей бы (сделал бы, хотел бы и т.д.) Эта форма может относиться к настоящему, прошедшему или будущему времени.
В английском языке имеется несколько форм сослагательного наклонения.
При выражении предположения, желания или возможности в настоящем или будущем времени простые формы сослагательного наклонения совпадают с формой инфинитива без частицы to для всех лиц и чисел или с формой Past Indefinite. Глагол to be в этом случае имеет формы be и were для всех лиц и чисел. Сложная форма сослагательного наклонения представляет собой сочетание should (would) с Indefinite Infinitive без частицы to:
It is high time he were here. Давно пора ему быть здесь.
They could take this exam. Они могли бы сдать этот экзамен.
I should come with pleasure. Я бы пришел с удовольствием.
При передаче действия нереального, относящегося к прошлому, простая форма сослагательного наклонения совпадает с формой Past Perfect, а сложная форма представляет собой сочетание глаголов should и would с Perfect Infinitive без частицы to:
They had taken the text-books, but the library was closed then. |
Они взяли бы учебники, но библиотека была тогда закрыта. |
We should have come. |
Мы бы пришли. |
Употребление различных форм сослагательного наклонения.
Формы сослагательного наклонения употребляются:
1. В простых предложениях:
I should like to get this book. |
Мне бы хотелось достать эту книгу. |
He would like to join us. |
Он хотел бы присоединиться к нам. |
He could do it tomorrow. |
Он смог бы сделать это завтра. |
They would have helped you, but they couldn’t come. |
Они бы помогли вам, но не смогли прийти. |
You could have done it. Why didn't you try? |
Вы могли бы это сделать, почему же вы не попытались? |
2. В сложноподчиненных предложениях:
а) в придаточных предложениях после безличных оборотов типа
It is |
necessary important essential desirable possible improbable suggested proposed required demanded ordered |
that |
Необходимо, чтобы... Важно, чтобы... Существенно, чтобы... Желательно, чтобы... Возможно, что... Маловероятно, чтол. Предполагается, что... Предполагается, чтобы... Требуется, чтобы... Требуется, чтобы... Необходимо, чтобы... |
В этом случае сложная форма сослагательного наклонения образуется с помощью should для всех лиц:
It is desirable that he should be present here. |
Желательно, чтобы он присутствовал здесь. |
б) в дополнительных придаточных предложениях после глаголов to suggest предполагать, to propose предлагать, to desire желать, to require, to demand требовать, to order приказывать, to insist настаивать и т. д.:
The engineer demanded that the test be (should be) repeated. |
Инженер потребовал, чтобы испытание повторили. |
в) в дополнительных придаточных предложениях после глагола wish:
I wish he were with us. Мне жаль, что его с нами нет.
I wish you had brought your camera. Мне жаль, что ты не принес свою камеру.
I wish he would tell us everything. Я бы хотел, чтобы он нам все рассказал.
Тренировочные упражнения по грамматике
1. Оборот there + to be.
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There were several vacant seats in the bus when I got into it.
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There is a great number of goods that can be transported by air.
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There is no fear of damaging the machine if it is properly maintained.
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There was no chance of getting tickets for this conceit.
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There are very powerful cranes for unloading ships in this port.
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There was still some hope of reaching the destination in time.
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There are some factories to be rebuilt in this region.
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Is mere any demand for the tubes of that size?
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There are no excuses for his being late.
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There are always some problems to be solved.
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There have been several bad accidents at this comer recently.
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There has been an increased demand for this kind of goods.
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There were plenty of furnished flats and furnished houses in the village now.
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This a place where the two streets cross. There are lights in the middle of the crossing. If there is a red light on, the drivers of cars and buses must stop. Then they must wait until the red light changes to green. Sometimes there is a yellow light between the red and the green. It means that you must stop and wait until it changes to green.
2. Степени сравнения прилагательных.
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Не thought he was the happiest man in the world.
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Mayakovsky is one of the most talented Russian poets.
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The new car is more comfortable than the previous one.
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His radio set is not as powerful as mine.
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The Neva is wider and deeper than the Moskva River.
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Last year he spent less time on English than this year.
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The sooner they finish the construction of the plant the better.
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The book is not so interesting as you think.
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The more time you spend in the open air the sooner you will recover after your illness.
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He has much more free time than I have.
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Tom runs fast. Dick runs faster, but Harry runs fastest.
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This road is the worst I've ever travelled over.
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If you listen to the teacher more attentively you'll understand better.
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Do you think people used to read more books twenty years ago than they do today?
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Tennis and football are the games I like best.
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This is the hottest day we have had for several weeks.
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Smiles is the longest word in the English language because there is a mile between two s.
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Yesterday was hotter than any other day we had this summer.
3. Времена группы Indefinite Active и Passive.
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At last he returned to the little town where his childhood had been spent.
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The latest surgical instruments were used during this unique operation.
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The trouble is that this student does not work properly at his English.
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Before the experiment the substances are mixed in a large cup.
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The commission will consider this offer carefully before accepting it.
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In spite of the fact that the report was short, it covered the subject completely.
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This instrument is preferred to all others because of its great reliability.
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The doctor said that an urgent operation was needed.
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They will do everything in their power to help us.
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I hope we shall never deal with this matter again.
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The results of the last experiment were constantly referred to by the professor.
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This airplane crosses the Atlantic in about 10 hours.
4. Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.
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Не is to go to the Far East on business.
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When are we to visit the laboratories of the Institute?
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He has to investigate a series of accidents that have occurred in the locality during the last three months.
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We had to find a safe place for the pictures.
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I shall have to take a local train.
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You should follow all the important scientific researches in your field.
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He was allowed to use the mobile equipment.
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You needn't keep your activities in secret.
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You can see this old film in one cinema only.
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The talks were to be attended by the representatives of fifteen European countries.
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We shall be able to see a number of Chaplin's films in September.
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You are to write your name at the top of the paper.
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If you want to know English you have to work hard.
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We had to walk home because the last bus had gone.
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I'll have to come to the Institute at eight o'clock tomorrow.
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The teacher will have to explain this difficulty again.
5. Времена группы Continuous Active и Passive.
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When he met me I was walking to the Institute and had little time to talk to him.
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"What's your little brother doing?" "He is still sleeping."
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She was sitting there doing nothing.
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Next Monday we'll be working only five hours.
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The construction of the road was being completed when the commission arrived.
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The new engine is being tested in the laboratory.
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Automation is being increasingly used in all branches of industry.
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The child is being looked for by his granny.
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A new research is being carried out successfully.
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When I come home the family will be watching TV.
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He cut himself while he was repairing his car.
6. Времена группы Perfect Active и Passive.
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He has never been there before.
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By that time we had already changed our plans.
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He decided to "become a writer when his first story had been published
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No one came in since we have been here.
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He has been shown her photo.
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He told me that he had never been to doctors.
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The papers have hot yet been sent.
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It’s a long time since I have visited that town.
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By that time the story had been long forgotten even by the story-teller himself.
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The street has been widened
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The light has just changed from green to red.
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I have not made up my mind yet.
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Several attempts have been made recently to produce artificial rain.
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Have you ever seen a bullfight?
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Have you ever travelled by air? – Yes, I have often travelled by air. A month ago I flew to New York.
7. Согласование времен.
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He said that by the year 2000 the number of skiers in the world would reach 75 million.
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He asked me if I knew about the largest contracts concluded by the firm.
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We didn't know whether our plan would bring us success.
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They wanted to know what our present research was centred upon.
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He asked if the car-manufacturing plant had expanded its international operations.
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He reported that the firm was holding talks about an automobile plant in the district.
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I thought that the organization had already started its work.
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He added that he could show us the collection of mail stamps his father had started to collect in his college days.
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He said he was no longer interested in the discussion of that problem.
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It was announced that die expedition had already left for the Kurils.
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He asked me whether I had known about the planning and fulfillment of his mission.
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It was told that you were good at mathematics.
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Tom said he knew a man who was an automobile engineer.
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The student said that the exercise had many sentences and added that he would do it in half an hour.
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The engineer said that he didn't think that the office work would be interesting for him.
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The mechanic asked me if the car had been damaged.
8. Неопределенные местоимения some, any и отрицательное местоимение no.
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There was no water left in the radiator, so we had to stop and refill it.
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Any engineer who has worked long enough in this field can give you this information.
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I cannot consult just any person, I need someone who is an expert on the problem and who has had enough experience.
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He said he had no wish to read detective stories.
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I don't want to have any argument. The matter is clear enough for me.
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He makes no attempts to establish any contacts with our group, so I understand he got no such orders.
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No explanation was given to him why the experiment had been stopped.
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The scientists believe that there is practically no atmosphere on the Moon.
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You've got absolutely no ground for saying so.
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The station master said that no trains had arrived at the station during the night because of the heavy snow storms in the mountains.
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It was clear that no person could do this work alone.
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None of the young men seemed to enjoy the film.
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No discovery can be made without wide experimentation.
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Any moving object will continue to move in a straight line unless it is stopped by some other force.
9. Причастие. Независимый причастный оборот.
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The professor told the students about the experiments being carried out in the laboratory.
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Having looked through all the documents and letters received that day he called his secretary.
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Squeezed by the ice the steamer could not continue her way.
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She showed us a list of die newly published books.
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Lake Baikal, known to be the deepest in the world, is fed by 336 rivers.
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The sun having risen, they continued their way.
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The talks between the two countries were conducted behind the closed doors, measures having been taken that no correspondent should receive any information.
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The figures mentioned in his report were published in the latest scientific journal.
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The goods having been loaded, the workers left the port.
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Haying been advised by the doctor to go to the south, she decided to spend her leave in Sochi.
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One of the most noticeable features of air transport development is the big increase in the quantities of goods carried.
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Kerosene is the fuel used in jet engines.
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Driving a car at night he met with an accident.
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Having refused to unload American ships the French dockers lost their job.
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Having been taught by a good teacher he knew German well.
10. Герундий.
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I remember your having objected to this schedule.
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He entered the room without noticing her.
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We were surprised at hearing his name among the winners.
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Nothing could prevent him from playing tennis practically every day.
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Did you have any difficulty in solving this problem?
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He improved his report by changing the end.
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She is against being sent to this faraway place.
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Is there any possibility of their finding a suitable building material so soon?
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They insisted on the question being reconsidered.
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Flying is better for long journeys but travelling by car is more interesting.
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Wood has many uses. We use it for making chairs and tables, it is used for building houses. It is used for making matches.
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Seeing is believing.
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Smoking is not allowed in this building.
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He tried to find an excuse for being late.
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You should avoid hurting other people's feelings.
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He was given an award for having saved the life of the little children.
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The director was responsible for the work being finished in time.
11. Инфинитив.
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The child wanted to be taken seriously.
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He didn't hear the boy enter the room.
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The dog was the first to feel danger.
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This question is too complicated to be answered at once.
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The engine to be installed in this car is very powerful.
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Where is the work to be done?
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To explain the problem the students were interested in, the engineer demonstrated some diagrams.
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A delegation is expected to arrive in the capital of the country to discuss the creation of a shipping line to operate between the two countries.
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The computer is said to be able to do computation in milliseconds.
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He seemed to be completely exhausted after a whole day of hard work.
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His knowledge of the subject proved to be both deep and many-sided.
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Nothing could make him change his decision.
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The new gaseous fuel is assumed to be both cheap and efficient.
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Many various types of airplanes are reported to have been produced in this country during the last decades.
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I tried to make him understand that his behaviour was no good.
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To grow fruit one must have good soil.
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Do you know the language well enough to read English newspapers and magazines?
12. Условные предложения.
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Had they met with such difficulties before, they would have known what to do now.
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If the scientists found the ways to predict earthquakes, it would be possible to evacuate people from the regions and thus save many human lives.
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Were I a newspaperman, I would write an article describing all the events that have taken place here.
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If you approach the village from the norm, you will see a tall deserted building mat once was a landlord's place.
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Had you planned your time better, you wouldn't have come to the station one minute before the train's departure.
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If you had told me that you couldn't find enough material fix your report, we might have postponed it until next Friday.
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You would never get lost in a new city provided you had a map of it.
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You will never get well unless you give up smoking.
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The director won't see you unless you phone him at least two days in advance.
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Were you an experienced driver, you would never have any road accidents no matter what road conditions were.