- •1.1. Read the text and find the word equivalent to «scientific method». Scientific меthod and меthods of sciense
- •1.2. Remember some of the verbs followed by a preposition which, is retained in the passive structure.
- •1.3. Try to evaluate a method (technique or procedure) using the words given below.
- •1.4. Translate into Russian.
- •1.5. Compose sentences using the parts in a, b, c.
- •1.6. Name a familiar method, technique or procedure of which you would say that it:
- •1.11. Make statements about problems which in your opinion are difficult to solve, to present or to discuss. Use the following phrases.
- •1.12. Name some problems that can be regarded as:
- •2.1. Read the text and say how the author increase the accuracy of his results.
- •2.2. Remember the following combinations and their equivalents.
- •2.3. Translate into Russian the following sentences.
- •2.4. Give all possible word combinations which go with data (results, findings). Use the words listed bеlоw.
- •2.5. Compose sentences using the parts in a, b, c.
- •Our preliminary results All these data
- •2.6. Make the following sentences complete.
- •2.7. Translate into Russian and identify the predicate.
- •2.8. Use the words listed below to evaluate study (investigation, research).
- •2.9. Make up sentences using a-patterns in combination with b-phrases numbered below.
- •2.10. Complete the following sentences.
- •2.11. Nаme some studies (researches, investigations) or a particular study (research) of which you would say:
- •3.1. Read the text and explain when a hypothesis becomes a principle of science.
- •Рurе and applied science
- •3.2. Substitute the proper English words from the list below for the Russian words in brackets.
- •3.3. Remember the words which are most frequently used with theory and hypothesis.
- •3.5. Translate into Russian.
- •3.6. Compose sentences indicating the time a theory (a hypothesis) was advanced. Use the parts in a, в, с.
- •3.7.Complete the following sentences
- •3.8. Name some theories which are no longer used nowadays as incorrect, inadequate or invalid, also show where the theory is wrong or why it is invalid.
- •3.9. Make use of the adjectives given below to characterize work.
- •3.10. Use the parts in а, в, с to compose sentences evaluating the work done.
- •3.11. Translate the following sentences stating the purpose of the work into Russian.
- •3.12. State the subject of:
- •4.1. Read the text and state the objective of mathematics. Mathematization of natural sciences
- •4.2. Remember the words given below which are used to evaluate.
- •Information
- •4.3. Translate into Russian.
- •4.4. Complete the following sentences.
- •4.5. Write a detailed account of all the available information on your problem, mentioning also the information that is still needed.
- •4.6. Make up pairs of words using adjectives given below as attributes to the word "evidence".
- •4.7. Translate the following. Choose all the sentences showing lack of evidence.
- •4.8. Use the parts in а, в, с to compose sentences showing what the evidence obtained, suggests.
- •The evidence obtained from recent studies in this area
- •4.9.Complete the following sentences:
- •4.10. Characterize and give a possible interpretation of:
- •5.1. Read the text and give a Russian equivalent of the title. Scientific attitude
- •5.2. Distinguish between the following structures. Translate into Russian.
- •5.3. Try to evaluate an experiment using the words given below.
- •5.4.Translate the following sentences into Russian.
- •Further experiments of this kind were
- •5.6.Complete the following sentences.
- •5.7.Speak of your resent experiments starting what they have demonstrated, also, the conclusions you have made.
- •5.8. Characterize briefly pioneer experiments in your field of research.
2.11. Nаme some studies (researches, investigations) or a particular study (research) of which you would say:
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... led (have led) to the elucidation of ...
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... helped to clear up ...
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... resulted (has resulted) in ...
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... brought (have brought) about ...
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... provided a clue to ...
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... contributed to a better understanding of ...
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... adds (add, added, have added) to our knowledge of...
2.12. Give a detailed account of the study you have performed, mentioning, among other things, the nature of the problem, the purpose of the research, the overall results and conclusions. This is meant as a presentation at the conference. Make use of the new words and expressions.
UNIT 3
3.1. Read the text and explain when a hypothesis becomes a principle of science.
Рurе and applied science
As students of science you are probably sometimes puzzled by the terms «pure» and «applied» science. Are these two totally different activities, having little or no interconnection? Let us begin by examining what is done by each.
Pure science is primarily concerned with the development of theories (or, as they are frequently called, models) establishing relationships between the phenomena of the universe. When they are sufficiently validated these theories (hypotheses, models) become the working laws or principles of science. In carrying out this work, the pure scientist usually disregards its application to practical affairs, confining his attention to explanations of how and why events occur.
3.2. Substitute the proper English words from the list below for the Russian words in brackets.
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His research (привело k установлению) a new principle.
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The success of the space research program (явился результатом соединения) the latest achievements in science and technology.
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Using modern installations and techniques the scientists (удалось решить) a complicated engineering problem.
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Pure science (стремится постичь) the laws of the material world.
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Prof. E. was the first to see the advantages of the new approach and (настаивал на использования) it to interpret the results.
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Adequate theories often (избавляли ученых от проведения) many useless experiments.
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This group of engineers (ответственна за модернизацию) the laboratory equipment.
to aim at understanding; to be responsible for modernizing; to insist on making use of; to prevent scientists from making;
to result from combining; to result in establishing; to succeed in working out.
3.3. Remember the words which are most frequently used with theory and hypothesis.
Basic; alternative; tentative, working; correct, true, valid, plausible, probable, reliable, satisfactory, good, helpful, stimulating, promising; interesting, attractive, fascinating; peculiar; incorrect, untrue, invalid, improbable, unreliable.
3.4. Use the parts in A,B,С to compose sentences evaluating a theory (a hypothesis). Introduce the sentences by: As I have said; As we could see; As has been shown; As might be expected; I realize that...; I have the impression that...; Thus, we can see that...
A
This theory
This working hypothesis
The above hypothesis
The latter hypothesis
This rival theory
The newly-developed theory
The author has put forward an alternative hypothesis which
They elaborated a new theory which
What you have outlined here
B
is (seems); seems (appears) to be; is not; does not seem; does not seem to be; has; can (cannot) be regarded (accepted) as; must (should) be regarded (accepted) as; must not (should not) be regarded (accepted) as.
C
very attractive; quite likely; fairly convincing, quite reliable; quite explicit and clearcut; a very stimulating hypothesis; a very comprehensive theory; advantageous in some (many) inspects; a working hypothesis without which we can not get along; fairly convincing a tentative hypothesis; some attractive features; fully competent; obviously correct.