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1. Choose the right variant for the multiple-choice statements.

  1. Horsetails (Sphenophyta) have

  1. true leaves b. true stems c. true roots

d. all of the above e. none of the above.

  1. Ferns (Pterophyta) have

  1. true leaves b. true stems c. true roots

d. all of the above e. none of the above.

  1. Angiosperms include

  1. grasses b. sedges c. rushes

d. all of the above e. none of the above.

  1. Gymnosperms include

  1. cycads b. ginkgoes c. conifers

d. all of the above e. none of the above.

  1. Give detailed answers to the questions below:

  1. When did Sphenophytes appear and how long did they dominate?

  2. What is cambium?

  3. What do botanists think about pterophytes?

  4. How do tree ferns look? Why?

  5. What is the dominant stage in the fern’s life cycle?

  6. Why do ferns tend to be restricted to moist environments?

  7. What groups of plants do Spermopsida include?

  8. What plants do: a) gymnosperms and b) angiosperms contain?

  9. What are distinctive characteristics of seed ferns and gnetophytes?

  10. What parts does a cycad consist of?

  11. What do you know about the reproductive system of cycads?

  12. What plants were important constituents of the Mesozoic forests?

  13. Where are ginkgoes distributed?

  14. How does fertilization occur in ginkgophytes?

  1. Think of 5-7 statements that would contradict the contents of the text.

LANGUAGE FOCUS

  1. Match the words that are: a) similar and b) opposite in meaning:

    a)

    b)

    to account for

    crucial

    decline

    rule

    width

    modern

    contemporary

    upperside

    pterophytes

    fronds

    exception

    out-of-date

    comtemporary

    to attain

    underside

    closed

    leaves

    to explain

    not conspicuous

    increase

    to reach

    girth

    naked

    apparent, evident

    to confine, to restrict

    erect

    upright

    to limit

    petiole

    stalk

    drastic

    ferns

  2. Define the following terms:

cambium

xylem

phloem

gnetophytes

dioecious

pinnately compound

zygote

micropyle

pollen tube

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