- •Contents
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. The Classification of English Law
- •Legal Personality
- •Natural persons
- •Corporations
- •Unincorporated associations
- •The Sources of English Law
- •Case law
- •Legislation
- •The Courts in Great Britain European Community Law
- •The direct applicability and direct effectivity of Community law
- •Legislation Treaty provisions
- •Regulations
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 2. Business Organisations
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading.
- •A. The Sole Trader
- •B. The Partnership
- •The existence of a business
- •Carried on in common
- •With a view of profit
- •Persons capable of being partners
- •Firm and the firm name
- •Illegal Partnerships
- •The Relations of Partners to One Another
- •Partnership Property
- •The rights of Partnership Inter Se
- •The expulsion of a partner
- •Duties of Partners Rendering true accounts and full information
- •Duty to account for secret profits
- •Liability in Torts
- •Vicarious liability
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 3. Business Organisations The Registered Company
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. C. The Registered Company
- •Unlimited liability companies
- •Limited liability companies
- •Private and public companies limited by shares
- •Groups of Companies: Holding and Subsidiary Companies
- •Separate legal person
- •The Constitution of a Registered Company
- •The contents of the Memorandum
- •The name clause
- •Change of name
- •Common law restrictions on choice of name: ‘passing off’
- •The registered office clause
- •The capital clause
- •Company Promoters
- •Fiduciary duties of promoters
- •Provisional Contracts by Public Companies
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 4. Business Organisations The Registered Company as Itself
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. The Directors
- •The appointment of directors
- •The retirement of directors
- •Age restrictions on directors
- •Disqualification of directors
- •Duty to disqualify unfit directors of insolvent companies
- •The Company Secretary
- •The Enforcement of Directors’ Duties
- •Common law exceptions to the rule in Foss V. Harbottle
- •Illegal acts
- •Personal rights of a shareholder
- •The form of the minority action.
- •Statutory exceptions to Foss V. Harbottle
- •Just and equitable winding up
- •Department of Trade investigations.
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 5. Shares and Shareholders
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. Shares and Shareholders
- •The rights and liabilities of the shareholder
- •Registered and bearer shares
- •Mortgages of shares
- •Classes of share
- •Variation of shareholders’ rights
- •Becoming a Member of a Company
- •Ceasing to be Member
- •Transfer of Shares
- •Restrictions on transfers
- •The Register of Members
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main point of the text. Unit 6. Consumer Protection
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •Merger – поглощение, слияние компаний
- •2. Text for reading. Aims of Competition Law
- •The Fair Trading Act 1973
- •Control of Rogue Dealers
- •Monopolies
- •Mergers
- •The Consumer Protection Act 1987
- •Defective product
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 7. Bankruptcy
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. Bankruptcy
- •Persons who can be made bankrupt
- •The bankruptcy petition
- •The consequences of the bankruptcy order
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. Definition of Agency
- •Types of Agent
- •The Authority of the Agent
- •By conscent of the principal
- •Ratification
- •Authority by operation of the law: agency of necessity
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text.
- •1. Words to be remembered. Tort – деликт, гражданское правонарушение
- •2. Text for reading.
- •Importance of Tortious Liability
- •Torts affecting the person
- •Torts affecting property
- •Torts affecting economic rights
- •Torts affecting reputation
- •Torts affecting rights generally
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 10. The Law of Contract
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. The Law of Contract
- •Essentials of a Contract
- •Contracts for the Sale of Goods
- •The Form of the Contract
- •The Implied Terms in a Contract for the Sale of Goods
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 11. Contracts of Employment
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. Contracts of Employment The Contract for Service and the Contract for Services
- •The distinguishing criteria
- •The position of casual workers
- •The position of temporary workers
- •Vicarious Liability
- •Continuity of Employment
- •Formation of the Contract of Employment.
- •Terms implied into a contract of employment by the common law
- •Terms implied into contracts of employment by statute
- •Unfair dismissal
- •Remedies for unfair dismissal
- •Transfers of undertakings.
- •Fixed Term and Performance Contracts
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 12. The Nature and Classification of Business Property
- •1. Words to be learned.
- •2. Text for reading. The Nature and Classification of Business Property
- •Introduction into English Law of Real Property
- •Freehold estates
- •Leasehold estates
- •Equitable estates
- •Legal and equitable estates compared
- •Rights Over the Property of Another
- •Easements and profits
- •Restrictive covenants
- •The Reforms of 1925
- •Registered and Unregistered Conveyancing
- •Unregistered conveyancing
- •Registered conveyancing
- •The Classification of Estates and Interest in Land: Unregistered and Registered Unregistered land
- •Registered land
- •Choses in Possession
- •Choses in Action
- •Assignable choses in action
- •Negotiable choses
- •Negotiable instruments.
- •Intellectual Property Rights Trade marks and brand names
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 13. The Nature of Security
- •1. Words to be learned.
- •2. Text for reading. Securities for Loans The Nature of a Security
- •Mortgages of Land
- •Legal mortgages
- •Mortgage by demise.
- •Mortgages and reality of consent
- •Priority and Protection of Mortgagees
- •Mortgage protection in unregistered conveyancing
- •Mortgage protection in registered land
- •3. Questions
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text.
- •Vocabulary
- •Latin terms
3. Questions.
Why is the form of unlimited company rarely used?
What form of limited liability company is suitable for trading?
What is the main difference between a private limited company and a public limited company?
What does the legal definition of a subsidiary company state?
What clauses does the Memorandum of a company limited by shares contain?
What are the legal restrictions on a company name?
What must be kept and presented at the registered office?
What does the capital clause state?
What kind of a person is called a promoter?
10) What are fiduciary duties of promoters?
4. Find the following sentences in the text.
Эти преимущества теперь доступны для небольших закрытых компаний с ограниченной ответственностью, и форма компании с неограниченной ответственностью встречается редко.
Существуют две разные формы компании с ограниченной ответственностью: компания с ответственностью, ограниченной гарантией, и компания с ответственностью, ограниченной акциями.
Закрытая компания может иметь одного директора, тогда как открытая компания должна иметь по меньшей мере двоих директоров.
Отношения между холдинговой компанией и ее филиалами могут быть очень сложными.
Меморандум охватывает внешние стороны компании.
Компания может изменить свое название добровольно при помощи специальной резолюции.
Учредители не имеют права на вознаграждение от компании и несут личную ответственность за расходы по учреждению.
5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 4. Business Organisations The Registered Company as Itself
1. Words to be remembered.
notice – уведомление
qualify(ied) (здесь) – тот, которому следует (определенно) исполнять что-либо
waive – отказаться от
re – указывает на повторение действия
reappoint – назначать снова (повторно)
subsidiary – дочерняя компания
articles (здесь) – устав
statutory – основанный на законе
promotion – учреждение, основание (акционерного общества,
компании)
conviction – осуждение
indictable – подлежащий рассмотрению в суде
offence – правонарушение, преступление
indictment – обвинительный акт
breach – нарушение
return – отчет (здесь)
default – невыполнение обязанностей
fraud – обман, мошенничество
insolvent – несостоятельный
guilty – виновный в
unfit – неподходящий
voidable – тот, который может быть оспорен, аннулирован
preference – преференция, предпочтение
bracket – категория, группа, разряд
receiver – распорядитель имуществом
minute – протокол, вести протокол
authenticate – свидетельствовать подлинность, скреплять печатью
ostensible – чисто внешний (показной)
penalty – штраф. наказание
alleged (здесь) – установленный, явный
persuasion – убеждение
ultra vires (лат.) – вне компетенции
shareholder – владелец акции (держатель акций)
abuse – нападки, злоупотребления
derivative – произвольный
infringement – нарушение (прав, закона и т.п.)
wrongdoer –правонарушитель
imdemnify – гарантировать возмещение ущерба
prudent – осторожный
prejudice – предрассудок
venture the capital – вложить капитал в рискованное предприятие
on the footing that – на том основании, что . . .
fiduciary – доверенное лицо, попечитель, опекун
dilute – уменьшить (капитал, доход)
discretionary – дискреционный, имеющий право решать по
собственному усмотрению
just – справедливый
perpetuate – восстановить на все время, дать неограниченный срок
misfeasance – злоупотребление властью, ненадлежащие действия
requisition – обращение с формальным письменным требованием