22. Semantic groups of morphemes.

Semantically morphemes fall into two types: 1) root-morphemes and 2) non-root-morphemes.

Root-morphemes (or radicals) are the lexical nucleus of words. For example, in the words remake, glassful, disorder the root-morphemes are –make, glass – and –order are understood as the lexical centers of the words. The root-morpheme is isolated as the morpheme common to a set of words making up a word-cluster, e.g. the morpheme teach- in to teach, teacher, teaching. The root remains unchanged after all the affixes have been removed and can’t be broken into smaller meaningful parts. Root-morphemes are the main morphemes in any given language, for it is they that ideas or concepts. A words is impossible without a root morpheme and some English words contain two root morphemes, even rarely three. Non-root morphemes include inflectional morphemes (or inflections) and affixational morphemes or affixes (or affixes). Inflections carry only grammatical meaning and are thus relevant only for the formation of word-forms, whereas affixes are relevant for building various types of stems. (A stem is the part of the word containing the root and the affix with the part-of-speech meaning. A stem remains unchanged throughout its paradigm. If a stem coincides with the root it is called a simple stem). Lexicology is concerned only with affixational morphemes.. 23. Functional types of morphemes.

Structurally morphemes fall into three types: free morphemes, bound morphemes, semi-free (semi- bound) morphemes.

A free morpheme is defined as one that coincides with the stem or a word-form (friend — of the noun friendship is a free morpheme as it coincides with one of the forms of the noun friend). A bound morpheme occurs only as a constituent part of a word. Affixes are, naturally, bound morphemes, for they always make part of a word (the suffixes -ness, -ship, -ise (-ize), the prefixes un-, dis-, de- (e.g. readiness, comradeship, to activise; unnatural, to displease, to decipher). Semi-bound (semi-free) morphemes are morphemes that can function in a morphemic sequence both as an affix and as a free morpheme (the morpheme well and half on the one hand occur as free morphemes that coincide with the stem and the word-form in utterances like sleep well, half an hour, on the other hand they occur as bound morphemes in words like well-known, half-eaten, half-done). contain, retain, detain and conceive, receive, deceive ; (re-, de-, con- act as prefixes, -tain, -ceive as roots). These combinations of sounds have no lexical meaning and are called pseudo-morphemes.

23. Functional types of morphemes.

Structurally morphemes fall into three types: free morphemes, bound morphemes, semi-free (semi- bound) morphemes.

A free morpheme is defined as one that coincides with the stem or a word-form (friend — of the noun friendship is a free morpheme as it coincides with one of the forms of the noun friend). A bound morpheme occurs only as a constituent part of a word. Affixes are, naturally, bound morphemes, for they always make part of a word (the suffixes -ness, -ship, -ise (-ize), the prefixes un-, dis-, de- (e.g. readiness, comradeship, to activise; unnatural, to displease, to decipher). Semi-bound (semi-free) morphemes are morphemes that can function in a morphemic sequence both as an affix and as a free morpheme (the morpheme well and half on the one hand occur as free morphemes that coincide with the stem and the word-form in utterances like sleep well, half an hour, on the other hand they occur as bound morphemes in words like well-known, half-eaten, half-done). contain, retain, detain and conceive, receive, deceive ; (re-, de-, con- act as prefixes, -tain, -ceive as roots). These combinations of sounds have no lexical meaning and are called pseudo-morphemes.