- •Предисловие
- •Unit 1 chemistry as a science
- •Chemistry
- •The scope of chemistry
- •7. Основные положения химии необходимы для многих специалистов, включая с/х работников, биологов, дантистов и т. Д. Text c
- •D. I. Mendeleyev
- •Properties of water
- •The most important chemical substance
- •The water problem
- •Hydrogen
- •Hydrogen peroxide
- •Properties of hydrogen peroxide
- •Unit 4 man and environment
- •Population and the environment
- •Ecology is a priority
- •Preserving the environment
- •Pollution
- •Traffic and air pollution
- •Water pollution. The water crisis
- •Wastewater treatment
- •Industrial wastes
- •Greenhouse effect
- •Unit 7 nature of manufacturing plastics
- •1. A) Translate the following words, word combinations and chemical terms into Russian:
- •3. Read the text and translate it using a dictionary.
- •The age of polymers
- •Plastics
- •Types of plastics
- •3. Read the text and translate it using a dictionary.
- •Abs plastics
- •General Properties of abs Plastics
- •Plastics in the chemical age
- •Some applications of a polymer
- •Unit 9 the world of rubber
- •Synthetic rubber
- •Mixing efficiency and quality: a view from a synthetic rubber producer
- •Quality of raw materials
- •Unit 10
- •The nature of rubber-like elasticity
- •Rubber latex
- •Internal mixer – закрытый резиносмеситель;
- •High energy radiation – радиация с высокой энергией.
- •Vulcanization
- •Unit 11
- •Environmental engineering
- •Chemical engineering
- •Chemical reactors
- •Unit 12
- •Ultrafiltration
- •Distillation
- •Gas separation
- •Тексты для дополнительного чтения
- •Vocabulary List
- •Text 2 Butlerov and His Theory of Chemical Structure
- •Vocabulary List
- •Text 3 The States of Matter
- •Vocabulary List
- •Text 4 Substances
- •Vocabulary List
- •Text 5 Classification of organic compounds
- •Vocabulary List
- •Text 6 Scope of environmental engineering
- •Text 7 Modern chemical engineering
- •Text 10 Membrane filters
- •Text 11 Lava filters
- •Text 12
- •Text 13
- •Vocabulary List
- •Synthetic Rubber
- •Vocabulary List
- •Reverse process – обратный процесс;
- •Rubberlike – каучукоподобный;
- •Direct Uses of Latex
- •Vocabulary List
- •Applications of polyurethane elastomers today and in the future
- •Era of elastomers
- •Phenolic, non-staining antioxidants
- •Chemical processes
- •Devices for transporting and compressing gases and liquids
- •Filtering Devices
- •Dust Collectors
- •Bag Filters
- •Coolers
- •Polymers
- •City of Madison Plastic Recycling Guidelines
- •Информационный справочник
- •Список химических элементов
- •Образец чтения химических формул и уравнений
- •Грамматический материал Active Voice (активный залог)
- •Passive Voice (пассивный залог)
- •Modal Verbs and their equivalents (Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты)
- •Participle I, II (причастие I, II)
- •Функции Participle I Indefinite Active в предложении
- •Participle II Причастие прошедшего времени
- •Функции Participle II в предложении
- •Absolute Participle Clause (Независимый причастный оборот)
- •Infinitive (Инфинитив)
- •Формы инфинитива
- •Функции инфинитива в предложении
- •Complex Subject (Сложное подлежащее)
- •Complex Object (Сложное дополнение)
- •Gerund (Герундий)
- •Синтаксические функции герундия в предложении и способы его перевода на русский язык
- •Conditionals (Условные предложения)
- •Англо-русский словарь-минимум
- •Библиографический список
- •Оглавление
- •394036, Воронеж, пр. Революции, 19
Water pollution. The water crisis
One of the most urgent problems in the world today is the shortage of the clean water. Access to clean water is the basic human right. But acid rains, industrial pollution and sewage dumping, oil spills have made water undrinkable.
Worldwide demand for water is doubling every 21 years, more in some regions. Supply can′t remotely keep pace with demand, because of growing population, especially in the third world countries. Water shortage plagues almost every country in North Africa and the Middle East. Water-borne diseases account for 80 % of infections in the developing world. More than 3 mln people die every year from unsafe water. The demand for water in many countries outruns the supply. Water is likely to become a growing source of tension and competition between nations. There are large differences in per capita water consumption between different countries. In some countries people are surviving on the daily ration equal to or less than a bucket of water, while average American uses 1000 litres of water a day. We are running out something no one can live without.
According to the UN Commission on Water for 21 st century more than half of the world′s major rivers are going dry or are polluted. They are posing a threat to the health of the people who depend on them for irrigation, drinking and industrial water.
Lake Baikal in Siberia with a depth more than a mile, contains one-fifth of the world′s fresh water resources. The local people call it the Holy sea. It contains a rich variety of animals and plants, including rare species that do not exist anywhere else in the world. Now the environment around Lake Baikal is endangered because of massive volumes of industrial effluent. The world′s natural underground reservoirs are diminishing rapidly.
Across Africa, Asia, and South America, ground levels are dropping up to 10 feet a year, largely due to irrigation. The UN called on government to curb the use of ground water and to ensure that countries relying on irrigation move away from water-hungry crops.
3. Make up the plan to the text.
4. Give a brief summary of the text.
Text D
1. Read the text and choose the most suitable title out of the given ones:
a) Genetically modified plants.
b) Genetic Pollution.
c) Diseases Treatment.
Scientists can use genetic engineering to grow crops and animals that are resistant to common diseases, and which provide more food for people to eat. Due to it genetic engineering may be of great help in the fighting with starvation in the developing countries. Genetic engineering can be used to treat some diseases in humans, for example the cells that cause cancer can be changed. Besides that it also0 makes possible to avoid passing on hereditary diseases.
But unfortunately there is a downside in the genetically engineered plants and animals that may strongly affect the balance of nature. Nowadays genetic pollution became a reality. A new kind of pollutants emerged that behave according the rules of biology. Such pollutant is assumed to have ability to cope itself over and over again, so that its impact on the environment will increase with time rather than diminish.
The genie of genetically modified (GM) plants is already out of bottle. More than two thirds of conventional crops in the US are now contaminated with genetically modified material. The nature of GM products and their long term action are not well understood as these products have not been properly tested before being released into the environment. The genetic modification of plants raises important problems for the science and the public about the potential benefits and risks of this technology.
2. Write out:
а) key words and terms;
b) the sentences expressing the main idea of each paragraph.
Unit 6
GRAMMAR: Subjunctive Mood.
1. a) Translate the following words and word combinations into Russian:
ice cap, to melt, flood, to happen, greenhouse gases, urgent, to meet standards, to improve, to evolve, pollutant, solid content, wastewater treatment plant, sewage, standard of living, recycle, chemicals.
b) Put the words in the correct order to form sentences.
1. are, operations, to purify, used, water, Many.
2. to, water, is, the, Access, basic, clean, rights, human.
3. The, receives, energy, Earth, the, from, the sun.
4. gas, Water, important, is, the most, natural, vapour, greenhouse.
5. of, atmospheric, The, are, gases, strong absorbers, infra-red energy.
2. Read the sentences and translate them into Russian paying attention to the Subjunctive Mood. Identify Conditionals I and II.
1. If there were no the gaseous atmosphere, all of heat the earth radiates would be lost into space.
2. If the temperature of the oceans increased due to global warming, it could lead to melting of the polar ice caps.
3. In case the ice caps melts, sea level would arise and as a result many coastal areas would be flooded.
4. If changes in climate and weather happened faster, natural vegetation and crops could not adapt to them.
5. If nuclear power stations were not important in supplying electricity, there would be much argument for their closing out.
6. It would be better, if policy of development were more sensitive to the environment.
7. If emissions of greenhouse gases were cut to 60-8- per cent, the Earth climate would stabilize.
8. If it had not been a series of accidents, public opinion would not have turned to urgent need to protect Nature.
3. Read the text and translate it using a dictionary.
Text A