Grammar

Exercise 1. Choose the right form of the predicate.

1. The heat from the sun ________ for thousands of years to dry timber.

a) are used b) was being used

c) is using d) has been used

2. The boards ________ before they were shipped.

a) have been inspected b) had been inspected

c) are being inspected d) were inspected

3. Wooden objects thousands of years old ________ from Egyptian tombs.

a) have been recovered b) had recovered

c) was being recovered d) recovered

4. Wafer board _______ a popular plywood substitute ideal for outdoor uses.

a) become b) are become

c) had become d) has become

5. A great number of reconstituted wood materials ________ on the market of wood-based materials in the nearest future.

a) have been appeared b) appeared

c) will appear d) were appeared

6. All species of wood _________ by their properties.

a) are distinguished b) distinguish

c) will be distinguished d) have distinguished

7. The Finnish plywood industry, famous for its high quality products ________ small diameter logs as a prime raw material resource.

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a) is being used b) uses

c) is used d) will have used

8. New processing techniques for making composite materials ________ now.

a) are being worked out b) are worked out

c) have worked out d) will work out

9. The band saw _________ during the second half of the 19-th century.

a) was developed b) had been developed

c) has been developed d) was being developed

Exercise 2. Put the verb into the required tense form.

1. Wood ________ still _________ as fuel (to use). 2. The air-conditioning system (to install) in our office now. 3. The new technology of producing lumber recently (to work out) in Scandinavian countries. 4. The trees (to shelter) the early people from wind. 5. The piece of wood (to cut and shape) by the machine-tool. 6. The air in the workshop (to purify) by 2 ventilators during the experiment yesterday. 7. Wood natural durability tests (to perform) on different species for a long time all over the world. 8. The volume of mechanically graded lumber (to increase) by nearly 25% over the past 4 years. 9. Paints (to apply) to the wood surface and do not penetrate the wood deeply. 10. Even after wood (to season) down to the desired moisture content its placement into humid atmosphere caused the new increase of moisture content and swelling.

Exercise 3. Translate into English using different tense forms.

1. Старые традиционные методы сушки древесины все еще используются во многих странах. 2. Скорость сушки пиломатериалов зависит от того как уложены (to stack) доски. 3. Различные грибки портят внешний вид древесины. 4. Бревна подверглись (to attack) воздействию грибков и насекомых, т.к. не были вывезены из леса сразу же после валки. 5. Было обнаружено, что теплопроводность древесины очень низкая (heat conductivity). 6. После того как были проведены многочисленные эксперименты, ученые установили зависимость электропроводности древесины от её плотности и вида (породы). 7. При должном управлении древесина никогда не перестанет служить человеку. 8. Древесину используют с древних времен. 9. Разрабатываются новые методы переработки древесины. 10. Большое количество материалов из реконструированной (reconstructed) древесины появилось на

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рынках сбыта.