Introduction to Scientific English

UNIT 1 Text One

a = b b = c a = c	a is equal to b b is equal to c Therefore a is equal to c	a = b b ¹ d a ¹ d	a is equal to b b is not equal to d Therefore a is not equal to d		Vocabulary: equal to therefore if then
a & b a = b	a and b a and b are equal	c & d c ¹ d	c and d c and d are not equal

If a is equal to b and if b is equal to c, then a is equal to c.

If a and c are equal and if b and d are not equal, then a and d are not equal.

If a and b are equal and if b and c are equal, then a and c are equal.

Exercise: Correct or incorrect?

1. If a is equal to b, then b is equal to a.

2. If a is not equal to b, then b is equal to a.

3. If a is equal to b and b is equal to c, then c is equal to a.

4. If a is not equal to c, then c is equal to a.

Text Two

3 a a = 3 b = 1 c = 1 b = c

Three is a number. a is a letter. It is a name. It is a name for a number. The number is 3. b and c are two names for the same number. The number is 1. If b is equal to c, then b and c are names for the same number. If b and c are names for the same number, then we write: b = c. We write b = c if and only if b and c are names for the same number. If b is equal to c, then c is equal to b.

Vocabulary: a number a letter a name the same only

Two numbers, a and b, are equal and we write a = b if and only if a and b are names for the same number.

Exercise: Correct or incorrect?

1. Two numbers, a and b, are not equal if they are names for the same number.

2. If two numbers, a and b, are equal, then a and b are not names for the same number.

3. If a and b are names for the same number, then a = b.

4. If a and b are not names for the same number, then a ¹ b.

UNIT 2

Text One

+ 4 > 0 - 5 < 0 + 6 > 0 - 7 < 0 a > b b < a + 1 > 0 - 2 > 0

Plus four is greater than zero. Minus five is less then zero. Plus six is greater than zero. Minus seven is less than zero. a is greater than b. b is less than a. If a is greater than b, then b is less than a. «Plus one is greater than zero» is a sentence. It is a true sentence. «Minus two is greater than zero» is a sentence. It is a false sentence. If a sentence is true, then it is not false. If a sentence is false, then it is not rue.

Vocabulary: plus greater than zero minus less sentence true false

A true sentence is a sentence which is not false.

A false sentence is a sentence which is not true.

Exercise: True or false?

1. Minus five is greater than zero.

2. plus three is less than zero.

3. Minus seven is greater than minus six.

4. Plus five is less than plus seven.

Text Two

A right angle. A right angle is an angle which measures 90°. An acute angle. An acute angle is an angle whose measure is more than 0° but less than 90°. An obtuse angle. An obtuse angle is an angle which measures more than 90° and less than 180°. ABC is a triangle. It is an acute triangle because all its angles are acute. DEF is a right triangle because one of its angles is a right angle. GHI is an obtuse triangle because one of its angles is an obtuse angle.

Vocabulary: right measure a degree acute obtuse sum

In any triangle the sum of the angles is equal to two right angles, or 180°.

Exercise: True or false?

1. An obtuse triangle has one obtuse angle and two acute angles.

2. The sum of the angles of a triangle is equal to 90°.

3. An obtuse triangle has two obtuse angles.

4. A right triangle has one angle whose measure is equal to 90°.

UNIT 3

Text One

· ______________

A point. A straight line. A plane. The intersection of a straight line and a plane is a point. The intersection of two planes is a straight line. Two points determine a straight line. For example, points A and B determine line a. A straight line is determined by two points. For example, line a is determined by points A and B. Points which lie in the same straight line are called collinear. For example, points A and B are collinear. Points which do not lie in the same straight line are known as noncollinear. For example, points A,B, and C are noncollinear.

Vocabulary: a point straight a plane intersection to determine to lie collinear outside

Three noncollinear determine a plane. A plane is determined by three noncollinear points.

Or: A plane is determined by a line and a point outside the line.

Exercise: True or false?

1. A line is determined by one point.

2. Three points which lie in the same line are collinear.

3. Noncollinear points lie in the same straight line.

4. The number of points which determine a plane is greater than two.

Text Two

A circle and a point. The point is on the circle. A circle and a point. The point is outside the circle. A circle and a point. The point is within the circle. It is called the centre. All points on the circle are equidistant from the centre, i.e. they are at the same distance from the centre. For example, if C is the centre of the circle and if A and B are points on the circle, then CA=CB, i.e. A and B are at the same distance from C.

Vocabulary: a circle a centre equidistant a distance to divide into

A circle is a set of all points in a plane which are equidistant from a point called the centre.

A circle divides a plane into three sets of points:

1. The set of all points within the circle.

2. The set of all points outside the circle.

3. The set of all points on the circle.

Exercise: True or false?

1. A circle may have two centres.

2. A circle is a set of straight lines.

3. A circle is a set of points.

4. A circle divides a plane into three sets of triangles.

UNIT 4

Text One

______a_____

A line is a particular set of points. There is an infinite number of points on a line; there are also infinitely many points between any two distinct points of a line. A line is uniquely determined by any two distinct points, e.g. by points A and B. The set of points which contains points A and B and all points of the line between these two points is called a line segment. There is an infinite number of points on a line segment. There are infinitely many points contained in a line and there is also an infinite number of points contained in any line segment.

Vocabulary: infinitely distinct any uniquely a line segment to extend a direction while

Although a line extends infinitely in two directions while a line segment is contained between two distinct points on a line, the number of points in a line is not greater than the number of points in a line segment.

Exercise: True or false?

1. A line is contained between two points.

2. A line segment extends infinitely in two directions.

3. A line segment is contained between two distinct points on a line.

4. A line contains a greater number of points than a line segment.

Text Two

a + b = c a - b = d a · b = e a ö b = f

a added to b gives c. The operation is called addition. b subtracted from a gives d. The operation is called subtraction. a multiplied by b gives e. The operation is called multiplication. a divided by b gives f. The operation is called division.

Vocabulary: to add addition to subtract subtraction to multiply multiplication to divide division to arrange total

Numbers may be so arranged in a square that each row, column and diagonal will add up to the same total. Squares of this kind are known as magic squares.

Exercise: True or false?

1. The sign · indicates the operation of addition.

2. The sign ч indicates the operation of division.

3. The operation of subtraction is indicated by the sign +.

4. The operation of multiplication is indicated by the sign -.

UNIT 5

Text One «Light»

300,000 + x km/s x = 0 or: x< 0

Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation. It has a velocity of approximately 300,000 (three hundred thousand) kilometres per second. The velocity of light is absolute. This means that no physical object can have a velocity greater than 300,000 km/s. It follows that the velocity of light represents a limiting velocity. It represents a limiting velocity because no body can exceed it. The velocity of light represents a limiting velocity in that no object can exceed it, i.e. have a velocity greater than the velocity of light. Different wavelengths of light produce different sensations in the eye, which correspond to different colours.

Vocabulary: light radiation velocity approximately per second an object limiting body to exceed variation wavelength sensation relativity according to

According to the special theory of relativity, the velocity of light is absolute and represents a limiting velocity in that the velocity of no body can exceed it.

Exercise: True or false?

1. The velocity of light is a limiting velocity.

2. Light is composed of atoms.

3. Some objects can exceed the velocity of light.

4. No object can exceed the velocity of light.

UNIT 6

Text One «Forms of Energy»

electromagnetic radiation light waves radio waves television waves infrared radiation X rays ultraviolet radiation

There are many forms of energy. Energy that is transmitted in the form of radiation, particularly electromagnetic radiation, is known as radiant energy. Radiant energy is found in space unaccompanied by matter, i.e. without matter. This fact makes it unique among other forms of energy.

Vocabulary: energy to transmit particularly radiant matter among absence

Radiant energy is the only form in which energy can exist in the absence of matter. All other known forms of energy are found to exist in the presence of matter.

Exercise: True or false?

1. All forms of energy are found to exist in the absence of matter.

2. Matter can exist in the absence of energy.

3. Radiant energy is transmitted in the form of electromagnetic radiation.

4. Radiant energy is composed of atoms.

Appendix 1 Pronunciation

UNIT 1

1. Sounds in contrast					2. Stress
Vowels and diphthongs		Consonants			Oo
[ж] can carry snack jam lamb traffic Trafalgar Palace family	[ei] paper make station bacon cake gravy train jail eight	[t] tin talk top tear ticket	[tò] chin chalk chop cheer chicken		garbage palace famous Royal instant honey

UNIT 2

1. Sounds in contrast					2. Stress
Vowels and diphthongs		Consonants			oO
[ж] batter banker tracks cap marry	[Ù] butter bunker trucks cup hurry	[t] tea toe tower locked baked	[s] sea sow sour locks bakes		prepare repair appear report prevent polite

UNIT 3

1. Sounds in contrast					2. Stress
Vowels and diphthongs		Consonants			Ooo
[o] pot box cock lock rock	[u] put boots cook look rook	[d] dust don dear bard head	[dz] just John jeer barge hedge		Buckingham nowadays marmalade vegetables instrument handicapped celebrate frightening holiday personal politics

UNIT 4

1. Sounds in contrast					2. Stress
Vowels and diphthongs		Consonants			oOo
[o] don cock cosset spot shot	[o:] dawn cork corset sport short	[d] dank dirty dread bard bird	[q] thank thirty thread bath birth		accountant exacting unseeing direction fantastic

UNIT 5

1. Sounds in contrast						2. Stress
Vowels and diphthongs		Consonants				ooO
[u:] pool juicy Sue shoot ghoul	[':] pearl jursey sir shirt girl	[t] learned helped talked walked looked	[d] opened listened returned believed called	[id] decided reported floated wanted calculated		submarine lemonade afternoon represent comprehend

UNIT 6

1. Sounds in contrast						2. Stress
Vowels and diphthongs		Consonants				Oooo
[o:] Paul bought caught call saw talk warm	[ou] tone Jones road so cold sold telephone	[f] fifteen fine fought free first Fred	[q] thing thought three thirst thread thank you		underwater secondary ultimately enterprises fortunately everybody

Appendix 2 Irregular Verbs

1. Verbs with no change
Infinitive		Translation	Simple Past		Past Participle
cost	[kost]	стоить	cost	[kost]	cost	[kost]
cut	[kÙt]	резать	cut	[kÙt]	cut	[kÙt]
hit	[hit]	ударить	hit	[hit]	hit	[hit]
hurt	[h':t]	причинить боль	hurt	[h':t]	hurt	[h':t]
put	[put]	класть	put	[put]	put	[put]
shut	[òÙt]	закрывать	shut	[òÙt]	shut	[òÙt]

2. Verbs with one change
Infinitive		Translation	Simple Past		Past Participle
bring	[brih]	принести	brought	[bro:t]	brought	[bro:t]
buy	[bai]	купить	bought	[bo:t]	bought	[bo:t]
catch	[c‘tò]	поймать	caught	[ko:t]	caught	[ko:t]
feel	[fi:l]	чувствовать	felt	[felt]	felt	[felt]
get	[get]	получить	got	[got]	got	[got]
have, has	[h‘v]	иметь	had	[h‘d]	had	[h‘d]
hear	[hi']	слышать	heard	[h':d]	heard	[h':d]
keep	[ki:p]	хранить	kept	[kept]	kept	[kept]
learn	[l':n]	учить	learnt	[l':nt]	learnt	[l':nt]
leave	[li:v]	оставить	left	[left]	left	[left]
lose	[lu:z]	терять	lost	[lost]	lost	[lost]
make	[meik]	делать	made	[meid]	made	[meid]
meet	[mi:t]	встретить	met	[met]	met	[met]
pay	[pei]	платить	paid	[peid]	paid	[peid]
read	[ri:d]	читать	read	[red]	read	[red]
say	[sei]	сказать	said	[sed]	said	[sed]
sell	[sel]	продавать	sold	[sould]	sold	[sould]
send	[send]	послать	sent	[sent]	sent	[sent]
sleep	[sli:p]	спать	slept	[slept]	slept	[slept]
spend	[spend]	тратить	spent	[spent]	spent	[spent]
stand	[st‘nd]	стоять	stood	[stud]	stood	[stud]
teach	[ti:tò]	учить	taught	[to:t]	taught	[to:t]
tell	[tel]	рассказать	told	[tould]	told	[tould]
think	[qihk]	думать	thought	[qo:t]	thought	[qo:t]
win	[win]	выиграть	won	[wÙn]	won	[wÙn]

3. Verbs with two changes
Infinitive		Translation	Simple Past		Past Participle
be(am,is,are)	[bi]	быть	was/were	[woz,w':]	been	[bi:n]
begin	[bi’gin]	начать	began	[bi’g‘n]	begun	[bi’gÙn]
break	[breik]	ломать	broke	[brouk]	broken	[broukn]
choose	[tòu:z]	выбрать	chose	[tòouz]	chosen	[tòouzn]
come	[kÙm]	прийти	came	[keim]	come	[kÙm]
do, does	[du,dÙz]	делать	did	[did]	done	[dÙn]
drink	[drihk]	пить	drank	[dr‘hk]	drunk	[drÙhk]
drive	[draiv]	ехать	drove	[drouv]	driven	[drivn]
eat	[i:t]	кушать	ate	[et]	eaten	[i:tn]
fall	[fo:l]	падать	fell	[fel]	fallen	[fo:ln]
fly	[flai]	летать	flew	[flu:]	flown	[floun]
give	[giv]	дать	gave	[geiv]	given	[givn]
go	[gou]	идти	went	[went]	gone	[gon]
know	[nou]	знать	knew	[nju:]	known	[noun]
lie	[lai]	лежать	lay	[lei]	lain	[lein]
run	[rÙn]	бежать	ran	[r‘n]	run	[rÙn]
see	[si:]	видеть	saw	[so:]	seen	[si:n]
speak	[spi:k]	говорить	spoke	[spouk]	spoken	[spoukn]
steal	[sti:l]	украсть	stole	[stoul]	stolen	[stouln]
swim	[swim]	плыть	swam	[sw‘m]	swum	[swÙm]
take	[teik]	брать	took	[tuk]	taken	[teikn]
wake	[weik]	просыпаться	woke	[wouk]	woken	[woukn]
wear	[we']	носить	wore	[wo:]	worn	[wo:n]
write	[rait]	писать	wrote	[rout]	written	[[ritn]

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