In word-building

(Словообразование при помощи чередования ударения)

Некоторые существительные и прилагательные совпадают по форме с глаголами, но отличаются ударением. Как правило, в существительных и прилагательных ударение падает на первый слог (даже если это приставки), а в соответствующих глаголах – на второй.

'record (запись) – to re'cord (записывать)

'perfect (совершенный) – to per'fect (совершенствовать)

7.1 Read the words. Pay attention to the stress in nouns and adjectives.

`atom – a`tomic, `organ – or`ganic, `metal – me`tallic, `period – peri`odic, e`conomy – eco`nomic, `science – scien`tific, `element – ele`mentary, `industry – in`dustrial, a`cademy – aca`demic, `strategy – stra`tegic, ge`ography – geo`graphic, meteo`rology – meteoro`logical, ge`ology – geo`logical

7.2 Read the words. Pay attention to the stress in verbs and nouns.

`educate – edu`cation, `graduate – gradu`ation, `demonstrate – demon`stration, `illustrate – illust`ration, `indicate – indi`cation, `concentrate – concen`tration, com`municate – communi`cation, in`vestigate – investi`gation

7.3 Read highlight the stressed syllable in each of the words in bold. Translate the sentences.

1 Dom Perignon perfected the art of blending wines from many different vineyards. The best way to perfect your Spanish is to live in a country where it’s spoken. This dress will be perfect for the summer. The meal was absolutely perfect.

2 Rivers transport much mud. There is much transport in large cities. The company transports meat across the country in refrigerated containers. Critics have pointed to the lack of transport links to the new attraction.

3 Who is going to present the prizes this year? The delegation present at our conference has come from Canada. They present an interesting example of word–building. I have a nice present for you. We can’t afford to spend much on Christmas presents this year. He’s very busy at present. He presented me with his new book. The watch was a present from my mother.

4 The records of births, marriages, and deaths were all destroyed in the fire. According to your medical records, you had an operation five years ago. I wish I could record a hit record! This record is of great importance nowadays. We have a lot of records. Record, please this program for me.

5 Japan exports many goods all over the world. We have many export goods to buy. Export of this country is about 50 per cent annually. We met a trader who exports goods to China. The export of gold has been forbidden. Raw cotton is one of the chief exports of the United States.

6 Russia exports mainly raw materials but imports much electronics and goods. Import goods are taxed in all the countries. The import of raw materials is extremely important for some countries as they haven’t their own ones. America imports raw silk from Japan. What does this news import? Imports exceeded exports in value last year. What is the import of his remarks?

7 The students’ progress is usually determined by oral and written tests and examinations. His illness progresses very quickly. Human progress has reached the stage of intensive exploration of nuclear and solar energy. They progress not so successfully as we’d like to.

8 There has been an increase in the price of petrol. The cost of living has greatly increased since 1917. The Clean Air Act would increase the cost of electric power in the Midwest. There will be no increase in student enrolments this year. Improved airline service led to an 18,7% increase in tourists to Africa last year.

9 All this upset over the wedding has really upset them. The children were very upset when we told them that we wouldn’t be going to Disneyland.

10 He saw the imprint of suffering on her face. He imprinted a postmark on a letter. Those ideas imprinted on his mind.

UNIT 8 COMPOUND WORDS

Словосложение – это объединение полнозначных слов или их основ в сложное слово. Вновь образованное сложное слово пишется слитно или через дефис:

airfield – аэродром (air – воздух, field – поле)

air-base - авиабаза (air – воздух, base – база)

airman – авиатор (air – воздух, man – мужчина)

schoolday – школьный день (school – школа, day – день)

birthplace – место рождения (birth – рождение, place – место)

Сложные слова могут состоять из двух существительных, первое из которых приобретает значение прилагательного. В этом случае слова пишутся отдельно.

Например: service dress – форменная одежда, одежда для службы (service – служба, dress – платье), shop window – витрина (shop – магазин, window – окно), skim milk – снятое молоко (to skim – снимать (накипь и т.д.), milk – молоко).

8.1 Read, analyse and translate these words.

Вathroom, bathrobe, bookcase, bookshelf, note-book, fireplace, fireman, fire-bug, hairbrush, hair-do, hair-cut, ice-box, ice-boat, raincoat, raindrop, rainbow, waterfall, water-pot, snowfall, snowflake, snowstorm, money-box, hush-money, evergreen, godlike, handshake, toothpick, footprint, next-door, just-married, new-comer, peace-lover, bone-setter, sunshine, sunshade, sunstroke, sun-up.

8.2 Combine the words in A with the words in B to from the following words. Write them down.

Новорожденный, глубоководный, овальный, разносчик газет, новомодный, смертность, красавец (амер.), дальтонизм, выставочный зал, окольный путь, очень высокий, линия горизонта, лунатик, пароход, кратковременный, вековой, лаконичный, раскаленный добела, бокал (рюмка), резчик по дереву, образное описание, ежегодник, водонепроницаемый.

A B

1. deep- 13 steam- a) old m) spoken

2. year- 14 short- b) cutter n) shaped

3. word- 15 new- с) hot o) looker

4. short- 16 good- d) walker p) blindness

5. water- 17 side- e) fashioned q) proof

6. new- 18 news- f) boy r) line

7. egg- 19 sky- g) sea s) ship

8. death- 20 white- h) rate t) lived

9. colour- 21 wine- i) room u) glass

10. sky- 22 wood- j) way v) picture

11. age- 23 show- k) high w) book

12. sleep l) born

8.3 It’s interesting. Read and try to guess the meaning of the following words which can characterize some features of a person.

open-hearted, sweet-hearted, feather-brained, empty-headed, grey-headed, bull-headed, even-minded, high-minded, high-handed, high-spirited, low-spirited, low-born, higher-up, swift-handed, long-legged, snub-nosed, green-eyed, wide-shouldered, good-humoured, dog-tired, good-for-nothing, touch-me-not, well-to-do, cat-and-dog (life), strongly-built, chicken-hearted, one-eyed, stay-at-home, stone-blind, double-faced.

UNIT 9 CONSOLIDATION

9.1 Translate the words. Mind the formation of different parts of speech.

1) long – length – to lengthen

strong – strength – to strengthen

high – height – to heighten

2) broad – to broaden - breadth

deep – to deepen – depth

wide – to widen – width

3) dark – to darken – darkness

thick – to thicken – thickness

light – to lighten – lightness

black – to blacken – blackness

weak – to weaken – weakness

9.2 Read the words given below. State the part of speech. Translate the words into Russian.

Model: to add (verb, прибавлять); addition (noun, прибавление); – additional (adjective, добавочный).

A) large – enlarge – enlargement, to create – creation – creator – creative – creatively, to divide – division – divisible – indivisible, to desire – desire – desirable – undesirable, to vary – variety – various – variable – invariable, to appear – appearance – disappear – disappearance, to act – act – active – activity – actor – action – activate – activation, long – length – to lengthen, possible – impossible – impossibility, depend – dependence – independence, differ – different – difference – indifferent, product – productive – unproductive – productivity – production, to compare – comparison – comparative – comparatively

B) consequent – consequently – consequence, to flood – flood – floodable, to deteriorate – deteriorating – deterioration, contaminate – contaminated – contaminating – contamination – contaminant, to erode – eroded – erosive – erosion, include – inclusion – inclusive – inclusively – inclusiveness, mount – to mount – mountain – mountaineer – mountainous, move – movable – mover – movement, to preserve – preserve – preservation – preservative, relate – related – relation – relationship – relative – relatively – relativity

9.3 For questions 1-8 read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).

If you are (0)……interested…	INTEREST
in the life of birds you should know that birds do not …..(1)	USUAL
fly very high and we can ……(2) see them	EASY
flying from the ground. A lot of birds when on …….(3)	MIGRATE
fly from 100 to 400 metres high as the ……..(4) shows. Some	EQUIP
birds, like penguins, cannot fly, but they are good ……..(5)	SWIM
and good ……..(6) too.	JUMP
They ……….(7) jump into and	QUICK
out of water and they look so ……(8) when they walk.	FUN

9.4 For questions 1-12 read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.

In downtown New York city, ……(1)	WORK
were digging. This was only one of many ……(2)	CONSTRUCT
sites in the city, but this one would be ……..(3)	DIFFER
This site was surrounded by steel and glass skyscrapers. Eventually, an office ……..(4)	BUILD
would rise here, too. Now, however, an …….(5)	USUAL
type of …….(6)	ACTIVE
was occurring. Something appeared strange. The ……(7)	WORK
were not constructing a ……..(8) but were unearthing	BUILD
an old ship. Can you imagine a ship under the busy streets of Manhattan? The …….(9)	EXPLAIN
is very simple. ……. . (10)	BUILD
must search sites for ……..(11) treasure.	HISTORY
The ……(12) is very strict. The ship had been discovered during such a search.	REQUIRE

9.5 For questions 1-12 read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.

The English language is ……..(1) growing and	CONSTANT
changing. No one has ever included every word from the language in a single dictionary. To do that would mean to …(2)	WRITE
the dictionary every day, which is …..(3).	POSSIBLE
But people have a lot of ….(4)	INFORM
about the ……(5)	GROW
and ……(6)	DEVELOP
of the language, its ……(7) .	EXPAND
Scholars have …..(8) ideas of how any new	VARY
discovery contributes to the process of new words …..(9).	ADOPT
When people are faced with a new …..(10)	SITUATE
and they do not have a word for its …..(11) they sometimes	DESCRIBE
make up one. But no one makes a formal …… (12) about it.	DECIDE

9.6 For questions 1-10 read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.

Many …….(1) begin to have trouble when they start	READ
to read passages about …..(2) subjects.	FAMILIAR
Such people often …..(3) the passage as they cannot tell	UNDERSTAND
what the …..(4) of the sentence is.	MEAN
They come across …..(5) words which prevent	KNOWN
the process of …..(6) . There are	COMPREHEND
many ….(7) ideas that can help you and the first is,	USE
“Don’t get …..(8) .	NERVE
Try and read the passage …..(9), learn from context.	ATTENTIVE
Pay …..(10) to what the rest of the passage says.	ATTENTIVE

9.7 For questions 1-12 read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.

English has a very …….(1)	EFFICIENCY
method of adding words …..(2)!	BORROW
As an English ……(3) travels the globe he adds a wealth	SPEAK
of words from other languages. By the 1600’s the English were …….(4)	ACTIVE
involved in ……(5)	EXPLORE
They were looking for countries to establish trade …..(6)	CONNECT
with. In those countries a …..(7)	TRAVEL
was exposed to new ideas, climates full of heat and ….(8)	ICE
cold, …..(9)	DIFFER
plants and animals. Rather than make up …..(10)	END
rows of new words for everything he saw an ……(11) often used the words of the natives. These	EXPLORE
words became an …..(12) part of the English vocabulary.	IMPORT

9.8 For questions 1-8 read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.

The weather affects many aspects of our lives and ……(1)	RESEARCH
are constantly looking for ways to …….(2) accurate forecasts.	PRODUCT
Our ……(3) to predict the weather depends on the information we have.	ABLE
Special …….(4) is used to collect weather data, including amount of rainfall, temperature and wind speed and direction	EQUIP
from all over the world. Computers make a ……(5) between	COMPARE
these present-day figures and ……..(6) records then try to predict the future on the basis of the past. Large computers	HISTORY
also help to produce a …….(7) picture of the likely weather using a model of the Earth in their memories.	DETAIL
Even with these aids, nature is so ……(8) that our forecasts are accurate for only a few days.	PREDICT

9.9 For questions 1-12 read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.

The greatest figure of the French theatre is no doubt Jean-Baptiste Poquelin (1622-1673), known by his stage name of Moliere. He got his ……. (1) at a Jesuit college.	EDUCATE
Moliere may have taken part in the school theatrical ……(2)	PRODUCE
Jesuit colleges were ……. (3)	FAME
for them. At 21 he gave up his law …. (4) and began working	STUDY
for the theatre. For about thirteen years he lived the life of an …….(5)	ACT
Once his company appeared at the Court of Louis XIV at the Louvre and showed the ……. (6)	PERFORM
of one of Moliere’s own comedies, which was very …….(7)	SUCCESS
From then on, the company settled in Paris and Moliere became one of the best known ………. (8)	WRITE
of comedies. He was ……..(9) devoted to the theatre,	WHOLE
managing a company, acting in and writing plays. He died a few hours after his ……. (10)	APPEAR
in his play, The Imaginated Invalid, on the stage of the Palais-Royal. He was responsible for many ……… (11)	ENTERTAIN
at the Palace of Versailles and for plays produced at Court. Moliere’s company together with two other companies became the foundation of the Comedie Française, France’s ………… (12) theatre.	NATION

UNIT 10 SPECIALIZED VOCABULARY

Formal Words

10.1 The three passages below are written in formal English. They contain words and structures which are often found in notices, regulation and formal letters but which are not common in ordinary everyday conversation.

1) Put each of the following formal words in its correct place in the notice below.

enquire / produce / facilitate / stating / seek / obligatory / attend / admitted / leave

ALL COLLEGE STUDENTS

If you wish to obtain a certificate of registration you will be required to

(a) _______ your admission slip. A note from your teacher (b) _______

that you (c) _________ your class regularly is not (d) ________ but will

greatly (e) ________ matters. If you (f) ________ advice, please

(g) ________ at the office. Overseas students should be aware that

students are (h) _________ to the college only on condition that they have

obtained (i) _______ to study from the Home Office.

2) Put each of the following words or phrases in its correct place in the passage

below.

provide / prior / notify / in possession of / additional / further / desire / in excess of / held / retain / locations / terminating

Conditions of Car Rental

Drivers must have (a) ________ a valid driving license for a minimum of three

years. Overseas visitors should be (b) ________ a British or International licence.

Cars rented from our London office may only be returned to our other offices

(Manchester, Bristol, Oxford) by (c) _______ arrangement and on payment of

an (d) ________ charge.

If a driver fails to return a car to us by one week after the agreed (e) _______

date, we will be obliged to inform the police.

Special rates are available for periods (f) ________ three months.

Drivers who (g) ________ to (h) _______ the car for a longer duration should

(i) _______ the company as soon as possible.

We also have offices at a number of (j) _______ in Scotland. Our London

office will be pleased to (k) _______ (l) ________ details.

3) Put each of the following formal words in its correct place in the notice below.

funds / commencement / ensure / in duration / commences / departs / requested / prior to / undertake / assist / attire / appropriate

TOUR OF SOUTHERN SPAIN

The tour is fourteen days (a) _______ and (b) _______ on Saturday 11 June,

when our luxury coach (c) ________ from our London office. The price, which

should be paid at least ten days (d) _______ the (e) _______ of the tour, is

inclusive of all transport, meals and accommodation, but travellers should (f) _______ that they take with them adequate (g) _______ for extra expenses.

In the event of the cancellation of the tour we (h) _______ to refund the complete amount paid. The tour group will be accompanied by a courier, who will (i) ________ members of the group at all times.

Travellers are (j) ________ to wear (k) ________ (l) ________ for visits to churches and other holy places.

4) Make the following phrases more formal by replacing each word or phrase in italics with a word or phase from one of the groups in the above three exercises. In some cases it is necessary to make a small change in, or addition to, the words or phrases.

Model: the train leaves at 07.15 the train departs at 07.15

we agree to do the work we undertake to do the work

1. ask at the station (l) they’ll give more information

2. to make things easier (m) you must have a valid passport

3. before our arrival (n) the tour will end in Paris

4. a previous engagement (o) they go to a primary school

5. she will help us (p) he was allowed to enter

6. more than £100 (q) the regulations say that …

7. more information (r) if you want information

8. tell the company (s) he has permission to be absent

9. the beginning of the course (t) show your driving license

10. sufficient money for expenses (u) make sure you have permission

11. keep your ticket (v) you are asked to be punctual

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