Vocabulary Notes

Задание. Переведите следующие предложения.

1. rags – тряпьё, ветошь

At first paper industry relied on the use of rags.

2. linen – льняная ткань

In the West it was linen that was used for papermaking until the mid-1800s.

3. cotton – хлопок

Cotton was introduced later for papermaking.

4. to treat – обрабатывать

Both linen and cotton were treated to turn them into papermaking fibre.

treatment – обработка

Linen and cotton were used for papermaking because of minimum treatment required.

5. fibre – волокно

Developments of non-cellulosic fibre from plastic are already on the market.

6. pulp – древесная масса; волокнистая масса, целлюлоза

Different techniques are used for making pulps of woods.

7. softwood – мягкая древесина

Spruce and pine are considered to be softwoods.

8. hardwood – твердая древесина

Hardwoods are reaching the limit of their present economic exploitation.

9. binder – связующее вещество; слой; покрытие бумаги

Lignin is a binder for forming a matrix of fibres.

10. damage – ущерб, повреждение

Damage to the fibre results in a weakened fibre.

11. to weaken – ослаблять

Weakening the fibre is not taken into account with mechanical pulp.

12. bark – кора

The tree is ground after bark removal.

13. to grind (ground, ground) – перемалывать

For making mechanical pulp the tree is ground to produce small chips of wood.

14. resin – смола

Small chips of wood contain all the lignin and resins after mechanical treatment.

15. formation (of paper) – направление волокна

Formation of paper means the distribution of fibres.

16. density – плотность

The thickness of the fibre cell wall is related to the sheet density.

17. bulk – объем; пухлость, рыхлость (бумаги)

The hardwood pulps improve bulk.

18. opacity – непрозрачность

Filters increase the opacity of the paper.

19. absorbency – впитываемость

The hardwood pulps give better absorbency to paper.

20. tear – сопротивление бумаги надрыву

Thicker walled fibres give high tear.

21. tensile – растяжимый; растяжение

Lower tensile is due to thicker walled fibres.

22. burst – сопротивление (бумаги) продавливанию; разрыв кромки

The thickness of the fibre cell affects burst of paper.

23. smoothness – гладкость

Smoothness, whiteness and gloss may affect print quality.

24. beating – размол бумажной массы

Sulphate pulps require more beating than sulphite pulps.

25. acid – кислота

Sulphite process is an acid system.

26. alkaline – щелочной

Sulphate process is an alkaline system.

27. to alter – изменять

The quality of pulp can be altered in sulphite process.

alteration – изменение

Alteration of the pulping conditions has no influence on the quality of pulp in the sulphate process.

28. shrinkage – усадка (бумажного листа)

Sulphate pulps produce lower shrinkage at the same strength.

29. bleaching – отбеливание; обесцвечивание

Special bleaching chemicals and equipment are used to produce good coloured mechanical pulps.

30. permanence – стойкость (краски)

Mechanical pulps have little permanence.

31. waste paper – макулатура, отходы бумаги

Waste paper is a good fibre source.

32. coated (body stock) paper – мелованная бумага

Better grades of waste paper can be used to make coated papers.

33. impregnation – пропитывание; пропитка

Impregnation of papers is often used to produce laminated surfaces.