Инфинитивные обороты

В английском языке часто после ряда глаголов употребляется сложное дополнение, состоящее из существительного в общем падеже или местоимения в объектном падеже + инфинитив. Эта конструкция называется «объектный инфинитивный оборот». Объектный инфинитивный оборот переводится придаточным предложением.

Например:

We know Isaac Newton to express the connection between force and motion in the form of laws.

Мы знаем, что Ньютон выразил связь между силой и движением в форме законов.

Инфинитив может входить также в состав так называемого «субъектного инфинитивного оборота».

Субъектный инфинитивный оборот состоит из существительного или местоимения в именительном падеже и связанного с ним по смыслу инфинитива. Инфинитив в данном случае обозначает действие и переводится глаголом-сказуемым, а стоящее между ними сказуемое переводится неопределённо-личным предложением (типа «известно, говорят, сообщают» и т.д.).

The delegation is reported to come on Monday.

Сообщают, что делегация приедет в понедельник.

Упражнение 4. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на объектный инфинитивный оборот.

1. The students knew their friend to have served in the army.

2. We expected our team to win the first place.

3. They consider this plan to be an interesting one.

4. She knows her friend to be fond of music.

5. My mother wishes me to play the piano.

6. We know her to have been living here for 2 years.

7. The teacher supposes our group to be good at exact sciences.

8. I understand this work to be a difficult one.

9. We heard her sing very well.

10. The students consider their laboratories to be equipped with modern instruments.

11. The professor ordered the research to be done by the end of the year.

12. Our monitor wants all the students of her group to pass the exams well.

13. I don’t want you to miss lectures.

14. Our teacher expects us to take part in the competition.

15. My sister wants me to get a scholarship.

Упражнение 5. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на субъектный инфинитивный оборот.

1. They are known to do their work well.

2. They have been heard to speak about this problem.

3. The students were supposed to know that law.

4. The children were seen to enter the house.

5. This method is believed to have given good results.

6. The method has been considered to give accurate results.

7. He seems to know this rule.

8. They seemed to listen attentively.

9. You seem to have forgotten about it.

10. Your friend appears to work hard.

11. The weather appears to be improving.

12. The picture proved to be the best at the exhibition.

13. This method proves to be reliable.

14. The process has proved to be complicated.

15. The process proves to give good results.

Vocabulary Notes

Задание. Прочитайте новые слова вслух, познакомьтесь с их русскими эквивалентами. Определите их значения в данных предложениях.

1. grease – жир

greasy – жирный

Greasy ink repels water from printing areas in planographic printing.

2. to grind (ground, ground) – шлифовать, полировать

The plate must be carefully ground and polished.

3. to etch – травить

Etching and engraving are processes mostly used in gravure printing.

4. to moisten – увлажнять, смачивать

To moisten offset plates he used water.

5. ink – краска

to ink – окрашивать

Printing areas are inked and non – printing areas repel greasy inks.

6. linseed oil – льняное масло

Linseed oil is widely used in offset printing.

7. varnish – лак

Inks and varnishes are applied in different branches of industry.

8. to adhere – прилипать, приставать

To moisten offset plates he used water.

9. to repel – отталкивать

repulsion – отталкивание

Repulsion of ink by the non – image areas of the printing form is the principle of planographic printing.

10. breakthrough – прорыв

Many technical breakthroughs took place in the 20^th century.

11. offset – офсет, офсетная печать

to offset – печатать офсетным способом; смещать

The printing form first offsets the ink to the printing cylinder and then from the cylinder the ink is transferred to the printing stock.

12. flexible – гибкий

Only flexible image – carriers are used in rotary printing.

13. rubber – резина

Natural and synthetic rubber is a resilient material.

14. to transfer – переносить

The inked image is transferred from the blanket cylinder.

15. substrate – подложка, материал

Different substrates can be used in offset printing.

16. course – шероховатый, грубый

Coarse substrates can be printed more easily than smooth ones.

17. advantage – преимущество

Offset printing has many advantages for printing on paper.

18. to apply – применять

application – применение

Application of efficient and economical printing forms greatly improved offset printing.

19. to absorb – впитывать

Inks should be quickly absorbed by printing surfaces.

20. gloss – лоск

Gloss is one of paper qualities.

21. to employ – применять, использовать

Stone plates were employed for over 100 years.