Завдання для самопідготовки

Перекладіть:

1. щоденне вживання їжі

2. тяжка ноша

3. скорочення тривалості життя

4. спричиняти передчасну смерть

5. середня вага тіла

6. профілактика ожиріння

7. утримання нормальної ваги

8. надлишкова вага

9. звички харчування

10. надмірна кількість жирної їжі

Дайте відповіді на запитання:

What diseases does obesity usually result in?

What symptoms does an obese individual suffer from?

Why is a daily caloric intake important factor in production of overweight?

What is the most common cause of overweight?

What does prevention of obesity include?

What can weight reduction best be achieved by?

Розкрийте поняття: ожиріння, баріатрія.

GOITRE

ЗОБ

Exercise 1. Topic vocabulary:

affect, v	[əˈfekt]	уражати
community, n	[kəˈmjuː.nə.ti]	спільнонта
dwarfism, n	[dwɔːfizm]	карликовість
fortify, v	[ˈfɔː.tɪ.faɪ]	укріпляти, посилювати
goiter, n	[ˈɡɔɪ.tə]	зоб
impairment, n	[imˈpeərˌmənt]	порушення
involve, v	[ɪnˈvɒlv]	спричиняти, включати
lack (of) , n	[læk]	нестача, відсутність
miscarriage, n	[ˈmɪsˌkær.ɪdʒ]	викидень
result in, v	[rɪˈzʌlt]	бути результатом, приводити
require, v	[rɪˈkwaɪə]	вимагати
soil, n	[sɔɪl]	земля, грунт
stillbirth, n	[ˈstɪl.bɜːθ]	народження мертвого плоду

Exercise 2. Translate the words and word combinations:

noncancerous , thyroid gland , the most common cause, mountainous regions, iodine, mental, brain , salivary glands, runny nose, table salt, production, diet, metabolism, taste, disorder, weakness, seafood, to detect, to regulate, condition, diffuse, nodule.

Exercise 3. Form the new words and translate them:

-Y: run, rain, sun, wind, fun, fog, bone, blood, health, sleep, taste, water, noise, dirt, ease.

-MENT: enlarge, impair, develop, achieve, treat, require, equip, move, establish, appoint, measure, excite, argue, state.

-ISM: cretin, giant, hyperthyroid, iodine, human, alcohol, fatal, hero, Darwin, modern, criticize;

-NESS: weak, deaf, dull, cold, ill, fresh, red, tired, restless, calm, kind, polite, cool, dry, dark.

Exercise 4. Choose the correct definitions to the following terms:

1) metabolism 2) iodism 3) thyroid gland 4) dwarfism 5) cretinism 6) goiter

a) poisoning induced by ingestion of iodine or its compounds. b) an endocrine gland of vertebrates, consisting in man of two lobes near the base of the neck. It secretes hormones that control metabolism and body growth. c)the condition of being a dwarf. d) the swelling of the thyroid gland. e) a condition arising from a deficiency of thyroid hormone, present from birth, characterized by dwarfism and mental retardation. f) the sum total of the chemical processes that occur in living organism, resulting in growth, production of energy, elimination of waste material, etc.

Exercise 5. Form the degrees of comparison of the following adjectives and adverbs:

little, warm, lately, frequent, high, clear, shy, bad, far, good, comfortable, great, much, big, rare, rich, fur, necessary, dangerous, little, cold, many, useful, easy.

Exercise 6. Give English equivalents to the following words:

Бідний, найбільш розповсюджений, найкращий, менше, більше, рідкий, більш (у розмірі), достатній , гірше, цікавий, далекий, найнебезпечніший.

Exercise 7. Read and translate the text:

GOITRE

Goitre is a noncancerous enlargement of the thyroid gland in the front of the neck. The enlargement may be diffuse – involving most of the gland, or localized – limited to a particular area, as in a solitary (single) nodule. Many conditions can cause goiter, but the most common is a lack of sufficient iodine in the diet, which is usually a result of the soil in which food is grown being iodine-poor—a condition that occurs in many mountainous regions away from the sea. Iodine is required for the production of thyroid hormones, which regulate the body's metabolism.

Surveying communities for goiter is one of the best ways of detecting iodine deficiency, which, if not treated, can cause stillbirths, miscarriages, cretinism, mental impairments, deafness, and dwarfism.

An excess too much, or a deficiency –too little, of circulating hormones causes a wide range of medical conditions, for example hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Where there is an excess of hormone, one form of treatment consists of giving the patient something which inhibits the production of hormone, as in the use of carbimazole to treat hyperthyroidism. When a hormone is deficient, treatment may be by replacement therapy, for example injections of insulin in the treatment of Type I diabetes.

Iodine deficiency is the most common preventable cause of brain damage and mental retardation, affecting about 50 million people worldwide. However, these disorders have been reduced simply by using table salt fortified with iodine.

Adults require at least 20 micrograms of iodine daily, but 150 micrograms is recommended. Seafood is excellent source, while the iodine content of other foods varies depending on animal feed and soil. Iodism (iodine poisoning) is a rare condition that results in weakness, swollen salivary glands, a metallic taste in the mouth, and a runny nose.

Exercise 8. Answer the following questions:

1. What is goitre?

2. What is required for the production of thyroid hormones?

3. What is the most common cause of goitre?

4. What is hyperthyroidism?

5. What is hypothyroidism?

6. What can goitre cause?

7. What does iodism result in?

8. What is one of the best ways of detecting iodine deficiency?

9. How much iodine do adults require daily?

10. What is an excellent source of iodine?

Exercise 9. Find words in the text formed by conversion:

For example, play– to play

Exercise 10. Agree or disagree with the following statements:

1. Goitre is noncancerous enlargement of the thyroid gland.

2. Iodism is a frequent condition.

3. The most common cause of goitre is lack of iron.

4. Adults require at least 5 micrograms of iodine daily.

4. Iodine is required for the production of thyroid hormones

5. Brain disorders have been reduced by using table salt fortified with iodine.

6. Iodine deficiency affects mainly physical sphere.

7. A lack of sufficient iodine in the diet is a result of iodine-poor soil

8. Seafood is an excellent source of iodine.

Exercise 11. Give English equivalents of the following word combinations:

Розумова відсталість, пошкодження мозоку, гірській район, поганий грунт, збільшення щитовидної залози, столова сіль, отруєння йодом, рідкий стан, металевий смак у роті, опухлі слинні залози, самітний вузлик, лікування хвороби, нежить, регулювати обмін речовин, замінне лікування.

Exercise 12. Continue the sentences:

1. The most common cause of goitre is … .

2. Thyroid hormones … .

3. Surveying communities for goitre is … .

4. If not treated goitre can cause … .

5. Iodine deficiency affects … .

6. Seafood is … .

7. The enlargement may be …. .

8. Iodism results in … .

9. Iodine deficiency may lead to … .

10. A lack of sufficient iodine in the diet occurs in … .

Exercise 13. Open the brackets and use verbs in the correct tense and voice:

1. The number of goitre cases ( to vary) greatly by region.

2. Iodine ( to require) for the production of thyroid substances.

3. Thyroid hormones (to regulate) the body’s metabolism.

4. Iodine deficiency ( to affect) about 50 million people worldwide.

5. Iodine deficiency (can, to cause) mental impairments, miscarriages, cretinism, etc.

6. The table salt (to fortify) with iodine.

7. A lack of sufficient iodine in the diet (to result from) the iodine - poor soil in which food is grown.

8. The examination ( to reveal ) an enlarged thyroid, red sweaty palms and a fine tremor of the hands.

9. An enlarged thyroid gland ( to call ) a goiter.

10.Hyperthyroidism ( to confirm ) by the correct examination.

Exercise 14. Make up questions to the underlined words:

1. Adults require 20 micrograms of iodine daily.

2. Iodism is a rare condition.

3. Iodism results in weakness, swollen salivary glands and a runny nose.

4. Iodine is required for the production of thyroid hormones.

5. Many conditions can cause goiter.

6. About 740 million people have goiter.

7. A lack of sufficient iodine in the diet occurs in many mountaneous regions.

8. She has noticed that her hands have a tendency to shake.

9. Recently she has developed palpitations, heat intolerance and diarrhea.

10. Sufferers of type I diabetes are deficient in insulin.

Exercise 15. Match Mrs Davis’s symptoms (1-7) with the questions her doctor asked ( a-g).

1. diarrhea a) Do you prefer hot weather or cold?

2. eating more b) Is your weight steady?

3. heat intolerance c) What is your appetite like?

4. overactivity d) Are your bowels normal?

5. palpitations e) Are you able to sit and relax?

6. weight loss f) Do your hands shake?

7. tremor g) Have you ever felt your heart beating rapidly?

Exercise 16. Translate the sentences into English:

1. Найрозповсюдженішою причиною зобу є недостатня кількість йоду в харчуванні.

2. Доросла людина повинна вживати щонайменше 20 мікрограм йоду кожен день.

3. Відомо, що ознаками отруєння йодом є напухання слинних залоз та металічний присмак.

4. Зоб виникає, коли щитовидна залоза не здатна виробляти достатню кількість гормонів.

5. Доведено, що зоб виникає в таких регіонах, де грунт та вода не мають достатньої кількості йоду.

6. Іншими причинами, що викликають зоб можуть бути інфекції, деякі ліки та куріння.

7. Збільшення щитовидної залози – це перша ознака зобу.

8. Ускладненням зобу у вагітних може бути викидень або народження мертвого плоду.