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Дайте відповідь на запитання:

What is diphtheria caused by?

What is the disease characterized by?

Who is more liable to diphtheria?

What is the incubation period of diphtheria?

What are the main forms of diphtheria?

What are the symptoms of diphtheria?

What are the complications of diphtheria?

Розкрийте поняття: дифтерiя

HEPATITIS

ГЕПАТИТ

Exercise 1. Topic vocabulary:

bloating, n	[ˈbləʊtɪŋ]	здуття
choluria	[ˌkɒlə ʹjʋ(ə)rıə]	холеурія,наявність жовчі у сечі
communicate, v	[kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt]	передавати
contaminated, adj	[kənˈtæmɪneɪtɪd]	заражений, забруднений
countermeasures, n	[ˈkaʊntəˌmeʒəs]	міри протидії, контрміри
hepatitis, n	[ˌhepəˈtaɪtɪs]	гепатит
hepatomegaly	[hepətə(ʋ) ˈ megaly ]	збільшення печінки
incubation period	[ˌɪŋkjʊˈbeɪʃən ˈpɪəriəd]	інкубаційний (латентний, прихований) період
jaundice, n	[ˈdʒɔːndɪs]	жовтяниця
needle, n	[ˈniːdl̩]	голка
sternutation	[ˌstəːnjʊˈteɪʃ(ə)n]	чихання
suppuration, n	[ˈsʌpjʊreɪʃən]	нагноєння
vicinity, n	[vɪˈsɪnəti]	ділянка, зона

Exercise 2. Form the opposites by adding negative prefixes:

­­­­­­______infectious, ______measures, ______ possible, ______capable, ______born,

______ protected, ______existent, ______contaminated, ______symptomatic.

Exercise 3. Complete the table with missing forms:

VERB	NOUN	ADJECTIVE
	loss
to measure
		contaminated
to consume
to recover
	failure
to cure
	invader
		persistent
to suspect
to remain
	transmission

Exercise 4. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following word-combinations:

to recover from hepatitis within a few months; infected body fluids; suppurating sores; to remain a carrier capable of infecting others; to reveal bilirubin in the blood; pain in the vicinity of the liver; shared hypodermic needles; liver failure; to worsen infections of hepatitis; almost non-existent, breast milk, to take countermeasures, personal items, blood transfusions, associated with jaundice, contaminated water, incubation period, amount of the pigment, low-grade fever, to worsen the infection, to be similar to

Exercise 5. Read and translate the text:

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is a medical condition defined by the inflammation of the liver and characterized by the presence of inflammatory cells in the tissue of the organ. Hepatitis may be caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites, or diseases of the immune system. Five viruses have been identified that attack the liver and produce hepatitis A, B, C, D and E.

Hepatitis can be acute or chronic. The main symptoms of hepatitis include choluria (dark or brown urine, often referred to as the color of Coca-Cola), appetite loss, fatigue, bloating, jaundiced skin, yellowing of the whites the eyes, nausea and vomiting, pain in the vicinity of the liver and hepatomegaly, low-grade fever. The excessive amounts of orange-yellow pigment or bilirubin in the blood indicate hepatitis and produce the yellow appearance associated with jaundice.

Hepatitis A is usually spread by food or water contaminated with infected feces or through close contact with an infected person. Hepatitis A is highly contagious and once the infection occurs at any community everybody should be vaccinated. It is usually communicated as the result of poor hygiene or through personal contact. The incubation period for hepatitis A lasts about two or six weeks, so the disease can spread widely before countermeasures are taken. Most patients recover within a few months. After a single infection, a person is immunized for the rest of his life.

Hepatitis B is spread through infected body fluids like blood, semen, suppuration, or breast milk. It does not spread by simple physical contact, holding hands, sharing eating utensils, coughing, and sternutation. The incubation period for hepatitis B lasts from one to six months, so it is usually impossible to tell how it was acquired. Someone infected with hepatitis B may fully recover and have no symptoms and yet remain a carrier capable of infecting others through sexual contact, shared hypodermic needles, and shared food or drinks.

Many individuals who are infected with hepatitis C have no symptoms and never realize that they have the disease. This disease is spread primarily by blood-to-blood contact associated with intravenous drug use, poorly sterilized medical equipment, and transfusions, tattoo procedures, shared personal items (e.g. toothbrushes, manicuring equipment). People with strong immune systems may recover spontaneously from hepatitis C without treatment. Patients with chronic hepatitis C who are not treated or not cured by treatment may live normal lives, but they remain carriers of the disease and can infect others. Some people with chronic hepatitis C develop terminal complications like cirrhosis, liver failure, or liver cancer.

Hepatitis D attacks those individuals who have already had hepatitis B. The virus does not cause the disease by itself but worsens infections of hepatitis B.

Hepatitis E is almost non-existent in developed countries; it is found in Africa and Asia. It is similar to hepatitis A and spreads primarily through contaminated water.

Treatment of all types of hepatitis, except for the hepatitis C, is mostly supportive. Patients should keep a special diet. The combinations of antiviral drugs are used to treat both acute and chronic forms of hepatitis C.

Exercise 6. Answer the following questions to the text:

1. What are the causes of hepatitis?

2. How is hepatitis detected?

3. How is hepatitis A spread?

4. How can hepatitis В be transmitted?

5. What complications may develop in patients with hepatitis C?

6. What is the treatment for hepatitis C?

7. What type of hepatitis is considered to be chronic?

Exercise 7. Match the terms with their definitions:

1.	jaundice		a)	extreme tiredness resulting from mental or physical exertion or illness
2.	bilirubin		b)	swelling of a body or part of a body, usually because it has a lot of gas or liquid in it
3.	cirrhosis		c)	a medical condition with yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes, arising from excess of the pigment bilirubin and typically caused by obstruction of the bile duct, by liver disease, or by excessive breakdown of red blood cells
4.	vomiting		d)	an orange-yellow pigment formed in the liver by the breakdown of hemoglobin and excreted in bile
5.	nausea		e)	a raw or painful place on the body
6.	sore		f)	a feeling of sickness with an inclination to vomit
7.	bloating		g)	ejection of matter from the stomach through the mouth
8.	fatigue		h)	a chronic disease of the liver marked by degeneration of cells, inflammation and fibrous thickening of tissue. It is typically a result of alcoholism or hepatitis
1.		2.	3.		4.	5.	6.	7.	8.

Exercise 8. Read the definitions and fill in the blanks with the name of disease below:

(Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis D, Hepatitis E,

Liver cancer, Cirrhosis)

1. ____________is a type of liver disease that can lead to scarring of the liver and ultimately to cirrhosis.

2. __________ is an acute but benign form of viral hepatitis.

3. __________is malignant neoplastic disease of the liver.

4. __________ is a type of liver disease that is not prevalent in most developing countries, but common in any country with a hot climate.

5. __________ is a type of liver disease that includes inflammation and damage to cells.

6. __________ is a type of liver disease that attacks persons who already have suffered from hepatitis B.

7. ­­­­__________ is a type of liver disease that is spread through body fluids and can be acute or chronic.

Exercise 9. Find the English equivalents to the following word-combinations:

виявляти антитіла гепатиту Д в крові; біль у ділянці печінки; спільні голки для підшкірних ін’єкцій; просочуватися у кров; інкубаційний період; видужувати від гепатиту протягом кількох місяців; переливання крові; заражена їжа та вода; розвивати ускладнення такі як недостатність печінки; інфіковані рідини тіла; майже неіснуючий; рани, що гнояться; залишатися носієм, здатним інфікувати інших.

Exercise 10. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate prepositions:

The majority ____ cases____hepatitis are caused ____viruses, some ____which are specific ____hepatitis; others produce hepatitis as a related consequence. Five types ____hepatitis viruses are recognized and diagnosed as specifically causing the liver inflammation known as hepatitis. They are called hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Symptoms are similar ____ all ____ these viruses and include dark urine, appetite loss, fatigue, jaundice ____ the skin and whites _____ the eyes, bloating and abdominal cramps, low-grade fever, pale or clay-coloured stools, and fatigue. Diagnosis ____ most cases is guided _____ blood tests, which reveal antibodies, specific ____ one of the forms_____ hepatitis, or elevated liver enzymes.

Exercise 11. Find synonyms to the following words in the text:

severe		to detect
weakness		continuous
flatulence		sneezing
to show		festering
to ingest		volume
to transmit		region
to get better		to affect
to catch		polluted

Exercise 12. Rearrange the words to make up sentences:

1. people/ Many/ hepatitis В or С/ do not/ with/ symptoms/ are/ when/ have/ they/ first/ infected.

2. and/ Hepatitis A/ is/ serious/ of/ diseases/ these/ mildest/ the least.

3. acute/ hepatitis/ People/ with/ any/ avoid/ alcohol/ should/ and/ substances/

are/ toxic/ that/ to the liver.

4. Over 85%/ with/ 3 months/ people/ hepatitis A/ of/ recover/ within.

5. are/ caused/ Hepatitis A and Е/ by/ typically/ or/ of/contaminated/ ingestion/ food/ water.

6. infection/ limited/ Acute/ occur/ may/ with/ symptoms/ no/ or.

7. are/ There/ main/ hepatitis/ viruses,/ types/ referred to/ five/ А, В, C, D and E.

8. usually/ Hepatitis В, C and D/ occur/ fluids/ infected/ as/ of/ a result/ contact/ parenteral/ with/ body.

Exercise 13. Put questions to the underlined words:

1. Hepatitis is characterized by the presence of inflammatory cells in the tissue of the organ.

2. Hepatitis is caused by a number of different argents, including viruses, bacteria, parasites, toxic drugs.

3. All forms of hepatitis share similar symptoms.

4. The bilirubin test measures the amount of this pigment in the blood.

5. People with strong immune systems may recover spontaneously from hepatitis C without treatment.

6. On physical examination the physician can reveal abnormal enlargement of the liver by palpation.

7. The incubation period for hepatitis A lasts about two or six weeks.

8. Hepatitis B is spread through infected body fluids like blood, semen.

Exercise 14. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form:

1. The physician (to make) diagnosis of hepatitis A after the results of blood and urinalyses.

2. He (to spend) nearly a year in hospital being treated for hepatitis.

3. Needle-sharing (to consider) the No. 1 risk factor in contracting hepatitis C and HIV.

4. Chronic hepatitis C (to develop) complications like cirrhosis, liver failure, or liver cancer.

5. On physical examination the physician (to reveal) abnormal enlargement of the liver two days ago.

6. Different parts of the world (to suffer) from a variety of different diseases such as Hepatitis A and B, Typhoid, Yellow Fever and Malaria.

7. In hepatitis A, there (to be) an incubation period of 8–18 days between initial infection and first symptoms.

8. The nurse (to make) an injection to a patient with hepatitis B now.

Exercise 15. Translate into English:

1. Гепатит - загальна назва гострих та хронічних захворювань печінки різної етіології.

2. При гострій формі гепатиту спостерігаються такі симптоми як підвищення температури тіла, жовтяниця.

3. Гострий гепатит закінчується повним одужанням хворого, однак у деяких випадках може перейти у хронічну форму хвороби.

4. Хронічна форма гепатиту може залишатися довгий час безсимптомним.

5. Хронічна форми гепатиту призведе до розвитку ускладнень якщо не надати своєчасне лікування.

6. Пацієнт, який страждає гепатитом, повинен дотримуватися сурової дієти та не вживати смаженої їжі.

7. Хронічні гепатити лікуються противірусними препаратами.

Exercise 16. Use the plan to tell about hepatitis according to the plan:

1. Cause

2. Types

3. Ways of transmission

4. Symptoms

5. Complications

6. Treatment