Essentials of Orthopedic Surgery, third edition / 14-Answers to Questions

Distal femoral, anatomic compartment of, 113

Distal timoral, fracture, 74–75 Dowager’s hump, 12

Down, Langdon, 196 Down’s syndrome, 196–98 Doxorubicin hydrochloride

(Adriamycin), for chemotherapy, 158

DTIC. See Dacarazine Dual-energy X-ray absoptiometry

scanning (DEXA), for bone mineral density, 15

Dupuytren’s Contracture, of hand, 400 DVT. See Deep vein thrombosis Dysplasias. See Skeletal dysplasias

E

Early osteoarthritis. See OA Elbow

anterior/posterior views of, 365 atraumatic/overuse injuries of

arthritis, 383–84 lateral/medial epicondylitis,

379–80

Little Leaguer’s Elbow, 381–82 Osteochondritis Dissecans,

382–83

ulnar nerve compression, 381 brachial artery, 368–69

cubital tunnel syndrome, 381 dislocation of, 61

evaluation

with arthroscopy, 372 CT, 372

with EMG, 372 history, 369–70 MRI, 372

physical examination, 370–72 stress X-rays, 372 Technetium-99 bone scan, 372

functional anatomy of neurovascular, 367–69 skeletal, 364–66

heterotopic ossification of, 376 HO of, 376

ligament complexes of, 365–66 ligament injuries to, 378–79 ligaments of, 365–66, 378–79

Index 597

median nerve, 368 neurovascular

brachial artery, 368–69 median nerve, 368 musculocutaneous nerve, 368 radial nerve, 368

ulnar nerve, 368 nonoperative treatment for

corticosteroid injections, 373, 376 rehabilitation, 373, 376

radial nerve, 368 sagittal view of, 366–67 tendon, ruptures of, 379 trauma

dislocations, 377–78 fractures, 377

ligamentous injuries, 378–79 tendon ruptures, 379

treatment for

algorithmic approach to, 373–75 operative, 376–77

ulnar nerve, 368 Electromyography (EMG)

for cervical spine disorders, 282 of elbow, 372

of shoulder, 348

Embryology, bone development in chondrification process, 1–2 interzones, 1–2

ossification, 1–5

Enchondromas bone tumors, 145–46 Endocrine system, skeletal

development and, 174 Endosteal scalloping, in

chondrosarcomas, 129 Enneking, Dr. William F., 110 Eosinophilic granuloma, 151 Epidural steroid injection, for lumbar

spine disorders, 323, 327–28 Epiphysis. See Slipped capital femoral

epiphysis Epithelioid sarcoma, 161 Ewing’s sarcoma, 119

biopsy consideration for, 136–37 chemotherapy for, 137

clinical characteristics/physical examination of, 135–36

combined multimodality treatment for, 137

598 Index

Ewing’s sarcoma (cont.) microscopic characteristics of, 137 natural history of, 136

radiation therapy for, 137 radiographic evaluation/staging of,

136

surgical treatment for, 138 Exercise

for cervical spine disorders, 300 for lumbar spine disorders, 329–30

F

FDP. See Flexor digitorum profundus Femoral shaft fractures, 73–74 Femur

distal, sarcomas in, 117, 129 fractures of, 69–73

nondisplaced vs. displaced, 70 head

AVN of, 431

blood supply to, 431 vascular anatomy of, 420–21

intertrochanteric fracture of, 71–72 Perthes’ disease in, 213–16 proximal, metastatic carcinoma in,

117, 129

slipped capital femoral epiphysis in, 216–19

supracondylar fracture of, 60 Fetus, ossification in, 1–5, 172 Fibrogenic bone tumors, 110 Fibrosarcoma, 134, 161

clinical characteristics, 134 radiographic features, 134

Flatfoot, pediatric

congenital hypermobile, 224 rigid, 224

Flexeril. See Cyclobenzaprine Flexor digitorum profundus (FDP)

avulsion of, 565–69

Leddy/Packer classification of, 569 Flexor tendon avulsion, case study of

diagnosis/treatment, 565–69 discussion, 569

history, 565

physical examination, 565 radiographs/laboratory values, 565

Foot and ankle

acquired deformities of

hallux rigidus, 490

hallux valgus, 489–90, 531–36 hallux varus, 490

arthritic conditions of, 494–95 rheumatoid, 495–96

clinical evaluation of history/physical exam, 482 radiology of, 482–83

diagnosis/treatment of, algorithms for, 501–2

Foot and ankle, injuries forefoot, 487

bones/joints of, 472–77 diseases of, 483–88 gait cycle of, 481

inversion stress testing of, 488 ligaments of, 477–79 nerves/vessels of, 480–81

fractures, soft tissue

Achilles tendon rupture, 79–80, 258

ankle sprains, 80 distal, 79

Lisfranc dislocation, 81 Os Calcis, 79

talar neck, 80 heel pain, 493–94 infections of

diabetic, 498 paronychia, 497–98

inversion stress testing of, 488 Lauge-Hansen classification or,

77–79 midfoot, 487 pediatric, 223–27

congenital clubfoot, 224–26 flatfoot, 223–24

metatarsus adductus in, 226–27 skeletal affectations in, 223–27

sprains of, 80, 487–88 tendon

Achilles, 491–93 anterior tibial, 491 peroneal, 491 posterior, 492

trauma to

calcaneus fractures, 486 pilon fractures, 484 syndesmosis injuries, 484

talus fractures, 484–86 tumors

bone, 499–500

soft tissue lesions, 499 Fracture(s), dislocations

of ankle

Lauge-Hansen classification of, 77–79

pilon, 77 complications of

AVN, 53

chronic regional pain syndrome, 53

implant failure, 53 infection, 52

myositis ossificans, 53 stiffness/loss of motion in, 52 union problems in, 50

deformity in angulation, 41–42 displacement, 41–42 rotation, 41–42

descriptors of

complete vs. incomplete, 40 open vs. closed, 40

simple vs. comminuted, 40 distal timoral, 74–75

of elbow and forearm, 377 distal humerus, adults, 61

at head of radius (elbow), 63 multiple bones, 62 olecranon, 62–64 supracondylar fracture, 60

epiphyseal plate, Salter classification of, 44

of femur, 60, 69–73 intertrochanteric, 69–70 neck, 69

shaft, 73–74

of foot, Os Calcis (Heel Bone), 79 gamekeeper’s thumb, 65

of hand, 65–66 scaphoid, 66

healing phases of, 50–51, 233–35 mechanical, 48

metabolic, 48 vascular, 48

of hip, 73

avascular necrosis, 73

Index 599

femoral neck, 71 Jefferson, 68

of knee, 75

distal femoral, 74–75 patella, 75–76

tibial plateau, 75 tibial shaft, 75–77

loading mode in, 41–42, 231 of lower extremity, 69–81 of metatarsals/toes, 81

orthopedic emergencies of, 49 patterns of, 41–45

pediatric

classifications of, 231–32 complications of, 233 greenstick, 170

multiple, 236 pathologic, 189 special types of, 47–48 supracondylar, 60 torus, 170

of pelvis, 69 phalangeal, 65

of proximal humerus, Neer classification, 56

of shoulder

AC separation, 58 glenohumeral dislocation, 53 humerus shaft, 58

of proximal humerus, 53, 56–57 recurrent, 58

in shoulder region, of clavicle, 53 soft tissue damage in

arterial injury, 44–48 ligament, 44–48

muscle and tendon, 44–48 neural injury, 44–48 vascular injury, 44–48

special types of incomplete, 47 intraarticular, 48 pathological, 48 pediatric, 48 physeal, 48 stress, 48

of spine, 67–68 Hangman’s fracture, 68 Jefferson fracture, 68 odontoid fractures, 68

600 Index

Fracture(s), dislocations (cont.) treatment of, 68

treatment principles for, 49 in upper extremity

elbow and forearm, 60–65 shoulder, 53–60

of wrists/hands distal radius, 65

gamekeeper’s thumb, 65 phalangeal, 65 scaphoid, 66

Fracture(s), open, 99–102 antibiotic treatment for, 99–100

Gustilo-Anderson classification of, 99–100

management algorithm for, 101 operative emergency of, 99–100 osteomyelitis and, 102, 549–50 soft tissue coverage of, 99–101 tibia, 537–39

assessment, 538 discussion, 538–41 history, 537 laboratory values, 538 pain with, 537–38

physical examination, 537–38 radiographs of, 539–41 treatment, 538

X-rays, 538

wound healing of, 102 Franconi syndrome, 230 Frozen shoulder. See Adhesive

capsulitis

Functional restoration approach, to low back strain, 309

G

Galeazzi fracture-dislocation, 62–63, 209

Gamekeeper’s thumb fracture, 65 Ganglia, soft tissue lesion of, 153 GCT. See Giant cell tumor

Genu valgum, 175, 177, 179–80 Genu varum, 175, 177, 179–80 GH. See Glenohumeral joint Giant cell tumor

clinical characteristics/physical examination, 131

cryosurgery for, 132

microscopic characteristics, 132 natural history/malignancy

potential, 131–32 radiographic/clinical evaluation,

132–33 treatment of, 132

Glenohumeral joint (GH), 347, 356 anterior perspective, 347 Charcot arthropathy in, 357 functional anatomy of, 333–34 ligaments of, 334–35 osteoarthritis in

differential diagnosis, 354 examination, 353

history, 353 radiographs, 354 treatment, 355

X-rays of, 347, 354, 356 Glomerular disease, rickets and, 192 Gout, in hand, 407

Growth plate, pediatric, zones of, 171–73

Gustilo-Anderson classification, of open fractures, 99–100

H

Hallux rigidus, foot and ankle, 490 Hallux valgus

of foot, 489–90 discussion, 532–36 history, 531

metatarsophalangeal joints with, 531–32

pain with, 531–33

physical examination, 531–32 radiographs of, 534–36 surgical options for, 533 treatment, 532

X-rays, 532

foot and ankle, 489–90, 531–36 Hallux varus, foot and ankle, 490 Hand

arthroscopy, 390

calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition of, 407

cold injury to, 406

congenital differences, 390–94 developmental/acquired diseases of

arthritis, 394–97

Dupuytren’s Contracture, 400 Kienböck’s Disease, 400 nerve compression syndromes,

397–99

tendon compression, 399 fractures, dislocations of, 65–66

distal radius, 65 gamekeeper’s thumb, 65 phalangeal, 65

scaphoid (navicular), 65–66 gout in, 407

history, 387–88 imaging, 389–90

inflammation/infection of, 400–402 Kienböck’s Disease of, 400 management protocols for,

algorithm, 410–12 metabolic disease and, 406–7 neoplasms of

skin cancer, 408–9 soft tissue masses, 408 tumors, 409–10

nerve compression, 397–99 open wounds of, 389 pathophysiology, 390 phalangeal fracture of, 65 physical examination of, 388–89 rheumatoid arthritis of, 395–97 skin cancer, 408

trauma

fractures/dislocations, 403–5 lacerations, 402

mallet finger, 406 other, 406 severe/complex, 405–6

vascular disease, 406–8 wrist, aneurysms of, 408

Hangman’s fracture, 68

Hawkins’s impingement, of shoulder, 344–45

HEA. See Hypotensive epidural anesthesia

Hemangiomas, in benign tumors, 165 Hematogenous inoculation, pediatric,

87

Hematopoietic bone tumors, 110 Hemiplegia, 202

Hemophilia, juvenile rheumatoid disease and, 190

Index 601

Heredity

skeletal growth, pediatric, 174 spondylolisthesis and, 313

Herniated disk arm and, 285

in cervical spine acute, 283–86 treatment for, 286

clinical conditions of, 304–7, 309–12 diazepam (Valium) for, 312 long-term prognosis for, 312

in lumbar spine

clinical features of, 304–7, 309–12 diagnosis of, 304, 306

pain, 310–11 carisoprodol for, 311

methocarbamol (Robaxin), 311 Valium for, 312

pain in neck and, 285 treatment of, psychosocial

evaluation in, 321 Herniated nucleus pulposus

case study of discussion of, 544 history, 542

laboratory studies, 542 physical examination, 542 treatment of, 542–44

MRI of, 543 Heterotopic ossification

around THR, 448 Brooker grading of, 449 of elbow, 376

Hill-Sachs lesion, 360 Hindfoot, fractures to

calcaneus, 486 talus, 484–86

Hip

anterior thigh pain and, 323 arthritis, 433

avascular necrosis of, 73 CT of, 429

dislocation, AVN with, 73 dislocation of, 73

flexion contracture of, 423–24 immature, 93

joint embryology of, 205 metastatic bone disease in, 141 MRI of, 428–30

602 Index

Hip (cont.) pediatric

congenital/developmental dislocation of, 206–13

dysplasia of, 230

septic arthritis of, 186–87 suppurative, 188 transient synovitis in, 219

replacement

for arthritis, 69 DVT and, 447

for femoral neck fractures, 71 for osteoarthritis, 69

rheumatoid arthritis of, 190 Hip and femur

anatomy

biomechanics of, 421 development of, 415–16 gait, 421

osteology/musculature of, 416–20 vascular, 416–20

patient evaluation

hip arthritis, 433–36 hip pathology, 430–33 history, 422

physical examination, 423–25 radiographic, 425–30

surgical management arthrodesis, 438–39 arthroscopy, 436 arthrotomy, 437 complications, 446–50 osteotomy, 437–38 replacement, 439–46

Histiocytosis X. See Eosinophilic granuloma

HNP. See Herniated nucleus pulposus HO. See Heterotopic ossification Hoffman’s sign, 288

in cervical spine disorders, 279 Horner’s syndrome, 290 Humeral head

avascular necrosis of, 356–57 replacement of, 355

Hyperextension injuries, cervical, 290–91

Hyperparathyroidism, 16–17 Hyperreflexia, cervical spine disorders

and, 279

Hypotensive epidural anesthesia, in THR, 446

I

Ifosfamide, for chemotherapy, 158 Imaging, of hand, 389–90 Immobilization, for cervical spine

injuries, 295, 298 Infection, 550

abscess, pathway of, 89

acute, orthoscopic debridement in, 96, 100

antibiotics for, 92 aspiration for, 92

of bones/joints, exogenous vs. hematogenous pathways to, 84–85

in children’s orthopedics, 181–89

foot and ankle, diabetic, 498 of hand, 400–402

with joint arthroplasty, 102–3 localized abscess from, 89 medical management of, 90

from microcirculation of metaphysis, 88

orthopedic, with joint arthroplasty, 102–3

orthoscopic debridement and, 96, 100

pediatric, 181–89

abscess development in, 87–90 acute hematogenous osteomyelitis,

87–93 chronic, 189

osteomyelitis, 181–85 pathologic fracture, 189 septic arthritis, 93–96, 185–89 specific organisms in, 90

Injury evaluation, 257 history, 266–67

physical examination, 267–68 special tests, 268–71

arthroscopy, 271 bone scintigraphy, 270 MRI, 269–70

X-rays, 268

strength assessment in, 267 Internal femoral torsion, 175–76

Intertrochanteric fracture, of femur, 71–72

Inversion stress testing, of foot and ankle, 488

Involucrum radiographs of, 90 sequestrum and, 90

Irritable hip syndrome. See Transient synovitis

J

Jefferson fracture, 68 Joint arthroplasty

infections associated with, 102 treatment of, 103

Joint tumors, specific diagnoses, pigmented villonodular synovitis, 151–53

JRA. See juvenile rheumatoid disease Juvenile rheumatoid disease (JRA)

hemophilia and, 190 Lyme disease and, 190–91

ophthalmologist care and, 190 synovium histology of, 189–90

K

Kanavel’s signs, 402

Kienböck’s Disease, in hand, 400 Kline’s line, 559

Knee anatomy of

biomechanics, 458

lateral collateral ligament, 454–57 medial collateral ligament, 454 posterior cruciate ligament,

454–57 arthritis of, 465–69 dislocation of, 75 fractures of

distal femoral, 74–75 patella, 75–76

tibial shaft, 75–77 tibia plateau, 75

LCL of, 454–57 ligamentous injuries to, 77 meniscal tear of, 463–64 meniscus of, 264–65

MRI of, 463 osteoarthritis of, 461

Index 603

pathology

ligament injuries, 464 meniscal tears, 463–64 patellofemoral, 464

PCL of, 454–57 pediatric

discoid meniscus, 221–22 Osgood-Schlatter’s disease of, 220 osteochondritis dissecans of, 221 popliteal cysts in, 222–23

skeletal affectations in, 219–23 TKR, 465–69

Knee, pain, evaluation of history, 458–60 imaging, 461–63

physical examination, 460–61 Knock-knees. See Genu valgum Kyphosis

pediatric, 245, 247–50 Scheuermann’s, 249

L

Labrum, 336

Lateral collateral ligament (LCL), of knee, 454–57

Lateral/medial epicondylitis, of elbow, 379–80

Lauge-Hansen classification, of ankle fractures, 77–79

LCL. See Lateral collateral ligament Leddy/Packer classification of, FDP,

569

Legg-Calve Perthes’ disease. See Perthes’ disease

Lesions

articular cartilage, 264 of AVN, 432

Bankart, 360 ganglia, 153 Hill-Sachs, 360 in shoulder, 360

Leukemia

bone manifestations of, 195 pediatric, 194–95

LHBT. See Biceps tendon, long head of

Lidocaine (Xylocaine)

for cervical spine disorder treatment, 295, 300

604 Index

Lidocaine (Xylocaine) (cont.) for low back pain, 320

for posterior thigh pain, 324 Ligaments, 259–61

of elbow, 365–66, 378–79 of forefoot, 477–79 glenohumeral, 334–36

macrotraumatic injuries to, 259–61 musculoskeletal tissues, 259–61 pediatric, 170

shoulder, 334–35 trauma to, 260

Ligaments, injuries

to anterior cruciate, 77 classification of, 259–60 elbow, 378–79

to knee, 77, 464 sports-related, 77

Limp

pediatric, 237–40 antalgic, 237 evaluation of, 237–40 short leg, 237 Trendelenburg, 237

trauma and, 237, 240 Lipogenic bone tumors, 110 Lipomas

intra/intermuscular, 163 pleomorphic, 162 simple, 162

spindle cell, 162 Liposarcoma, 160–61

Lisfranc dislocation, foot and ankle, 81

Little Leaguer’s Elbow, 381–82 Long bone

blood supply to, 88 pediatric

hematogenous inoculation in, 87 radial dysplasia of, 230

Low back education, 320–21

Low back pain. See also Lumbar spine disorders/injuries

cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril) for, 327 diazepam (Valium) for, 321 lidocaine for, 320

treatment for, 319–21, 326–30 Lower limbs, muscles, neurosegmental

innervation of, 204

Lumbar spinal disorders/injuries, neural compression in, 310

Lumbar spine disorders/injuries. See also Cervical spine disorders/ injuries

additional treatment modalities for, 330

algorithm for, 315–18

braces and corsets for, 313, 329 clinical conditions of

back strain-lumbago, 308–9 herniated disk, 304–7, 309–12 spinal stenosis, 287, 312, 528 spondylolisthesis, 313

conservative treatment for, 319 with anterior thigh pain, 323–24 bed rest, 325–26

braces and corsets, 329 drug therapy, 321, 326–27

epidural steroid injection, 323, 327–28

exercises, 329–30

with low back pain, 320–21 manipulation, 329

physical therapy, 330

with posterior thigh pain, 324–25 with sciatica, 321–23

traction, 328

trigger-point injection, 327 diagnostic studies for, 302–4

CT, 306, 308

electrodiagnostic testing in, 208 false positives, 304

MRI, 304–5 myelography, 305–6 radiographs, 304

history, 301

lifetime incidence of, 300, 332 low back education and, 320–21 physical examination, 301–2 psychiatric problems and, 321 SLRT for, 301–3, 322

Lyme disease, juvenile rheumatoid disease and, 190–91

M

Macrotraumatic injuries, 257 to ligaments, 259–61 treatment of, 271–72

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 257, 269–70

of ACL, 571, 573

for cervical spine disorders, 280–81

of degenerative spondylolisthesis, 529

of elbow, 372

herniated nucleus pulposus, 543 of hip, 428–30

injury evaluation with, 269–70 of knee, 463

for lumbar spine disorders, 304–5 for metastatic bone disease, 140 osteomyelitis, 548–49 radiographic evaluation of, 114 of rotator cuff, 351–52

of shoulder, 348

for STS, CT vs., 155 Malignant fibrous histiocytoma

(MFH), 160

clinical characteristics of, 134 radiographic characteristics of,

134 treatment for, 134

Mallet finger, 406 Manipulation

for cervical spine disorders/injuries, 300

for lumbar spine disorders, 329 Marfan’s syndrome. See Scoliosis MCL. See Medial collateral ligament MDI. See Multidirectional instability Medial collateral ligament (MCL), of

knee, 454–57 Median nerve, 368

elbow, 368

Meniscus, 221–22, 264–66 blood supply to, 265

of knee, 264–65 musculoskeletal tissues, 264–65 tears of, 265, 463–64

Meperidine (Demerol), for low back pain, 326

Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma, 131 Metabolic arthritides, crystalline

arthropathy in, 28 Metabolic disease

hand and, 406–7

Index 605

pediatric, skeletal affectations and, 191–93

Metastatic carcinoma, in femur, 117, 129

Metatarsophalangeal joints (MTP), with hallux valgus, 531–32

Metatarsus adductus, in pediatric foot, 226–27

Methocarbamol (Robaxin) for herniated disk pain, 311 for low back pain, 327

Methotrexate, for STS chemotherapy, 158

MFH. See Malignant fibrous histiocytoma

Microtraumatic injuries, 257, 266 NSAIDs for, 272

treatment of, 272–73

Monteggia fracture-dislocation, 62 MRI. See Magnetic resonance imaging MTP. See Metatarsophalangeal joints Multidirectional instability (MDI), of

shoulder, 359 differential diagnosis, 360 examination, 360

history, 360 radiographs, 360 treatment, 360–61

Multiple myeloma/plasmocytoma, 138 Muscle, 261–62. See also

Neuromuscular disease contusions, myositis ossificans from,

262

lower limb, neurosegmental innervation of, 204

soft tissue damage, 44–48 Muscular torticollis, 229–30

hip dysplasia and, 230 Musculocutaneous nerve, 368 Musculoskeletal infection. See also

Infection; Orthopedic infections

diagnosis of, 103 Musculoskeletal tissues

articular cartilage, 262–64 ligaments, 259–61 meniscus, 264–65

muscle, 261–62 tendons, 258

606 Index

Musculoskeletal Tumor Society, surgical staging system of, 110

Myelodysplasia. See Spinal bifida Myelography

for cervical spine disorder, 281–82 CT with, 282

for lumbar spine disorders, 305–6 Myelopathy, cervical spondylosis with,

231, 287–88 Myositis ossificans, 53

fracture complication of, 53 from muscular contusions, 262

N

NCV. See Nerve conduction velocity testing

Neck. See also Upper extremity and neck

pain in

with arm involvement, 277 codeine for, 299

differential diagnosis of, 294 spondylosis and, 287

sprain/ache in, 283

Neer classification, of proximal humeral fractures, 56

Neer impingement, of shoulder, 344 Neoplasms

of hand

skin cancer, 408

soft tissue masses, 408 tumors of, 409–10

of musculoskeletal system, 107 Nerve compression syndromes, hand,

397

Nerve conduction velocity testing (NCV), of shoulder, 348

Neural compression, in lumbar spinal injury, 310

myelography for, 306 Neural injury in

axonotmesis, 46 neuropraxia, 46 neurotmesis, 46

Neurilemmoma (schwannoma), 163–64

Neurofibroma, 164

Neurofibromatosis aggressive, 165

rickets and, 192 Neurogenic bone tumors, 110

Neuromuscular deformity, pediatric, 246

Neuromuscular disease, pediatric cerebral palsy, 201–2

polio, 203

spinal bifida, 203–5 Neuropraxia, 46

Neurosegmental innervation, of lower limb muscles, 204

Neurotmesis, 46

Neurovascular. See also Vascular disease

elbow

brachial artery, 368–69 median nerve, 368 musculocutaneous nerve, 368 radial nerve, 368

ulnar nerve, 368

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

for arthritis, 465

for cubital tunnel syndrome, 562 for hip osteoarthritis, 554

for microtraumatic injuries, 272 for transient synovitis of hip, 219

Notochordal bone tumors, 110 NSAIDs. See Nonsteroidal

antiinflammatory drugs Nutrition

skeletal development and, 174 skeletal growth and, 174

soft tissue healing and, 102

O

OA. See Osteoarthritis, early O’Brien’s test, of biceps tendon, 345 Ochronosis, 29

Odontoid fractures, 68 Ollier’s disease, 145

Open fractures. See Fracture(s), open Open incisional, biopsy technique,

116

Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF), for femur neck fractures, 70

ORIF. See Open reduction and internal fixation