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РосБизнесКонсалтинг

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ

РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

ТАМБОВСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ

имени Г.Р. ДЕРЖАВИНА

Л.А.Панасенко краткий курс лекций по теоретической грамматике аглийского языка. Синтаксис Учебно-методическое пособие

ТАМБОВ 2005

Панасенко Л.А.

Краткий курс лекций по теоретической грамматике современного английского языка. Синтаксис. Учебно-методическое пособие для студентов IV курса по специальности «Зарубежная филология» (английский язык). Тамбов: Изд-во ТГУ им. Г.Р. Державина, 2005, - 74 с.

Настоящий курс лекций посвящен рассмотрению основных вопросов синтаксиса с точки зрения традиционных подходов и новой парадигмы лингвистического знания – когнитивного подхода к анализу грамматических явлений. Цель настоящей методической разработки состоит в том, чтобы помочь студентам систематизировать теоретическую базу знаний по основным проблемам курса, а также познакомить студентов с современными исследованиями в области синтаксиса, проводимыми отечественными и зарубежными лингвистами в рамках когнитивного подхода. Пособие включает материал девяти лекций по темам курса, предусмотренным учебной программой. В качестве приложения в реферативной форме приводятся выдержки из наиболее известных работ когнитологов, занимающихся разработкой вопросов синтаксиса в настоящее время, которые могут быть использованы студентами в качестве дополнительного материала при подготовке к семинарским занятиям.

L e c t u r e 1. Syntax and its main units. Traditional and cognitive approaches in syntax

I. Syntax as part of grammar. The main units of syntax.

II. Traditional and cognitive understanding of syntax.

III. The basic principles and arguments of the cognitive linguistics.

IV. Syntagmatic and paradigmatic patterning.

I. Syntax as part of grammar. The main units of syntax.

Syntax as part of grammar analyses the rules of combining words into phrases, sentences and supra-sentential constructions or texts.

The rules of combinability of linguistic units are connected with the most general and abstract parts of content of the elements of language. These parts of content together with the formal means of their expression are treated as “grammatical categories”. In syntax, they are, for instance, the categories of communicative purpose or emphasis, which are actualized by means of word-order. Thus, word-order (direct or indirect), viewed as a grammatical form, expresses the difference between the central idea of the sentence and the marginal idea, between emotive and unemotive modes of speech, e.g.:

In the center of the room stood the old man.

The word arrangement in this sentence expresses a narrative description with the central informative element placed in the strongest position, i.e. at the end.

Thus, grammatical elements of language present a unity of content and expression (i.e. a unity of form and meaning). Accordingly, the purpose of Modern Grammar, and Syntax in particular, is to disclose and formulate the rules of the correspondence between the plane of content and the plane of expression in the process of utterance-formation.

The main units of syntax are phrases and sentences.

The phrase is a combination of two or more notional words which is a grammatical unit but is not an analytical form of some word. The main difference between the phrase and the sentence is in their linguistic function. The phrase is a nominative unit, the sentence is a predicative one.

Nomination is naming things and their relations. A nominative unit simply names something known to everybody or a majority of native language speakers, recalling it from their memory, e.g.: a book, a departure. A phrase represents an object of nomination as a complicated phenomenon, be it a thing, an action, a quality or a whole situation, e.g.: an interesting book, to start with a jerk, absolutely fantastic, his unexpected departure.

The sentence is the immediate unit of speech built up of words according to a definite syntactic pattern and distinguished by a communicative purpose. The sentence, naming a certain situation, expresses predication, i.e. shows the relation of the denoted event to reality through the grammatical categories of tense, person and mood. The category of tense is used to convey something new and define its place in reality as preceding, or following the act of communication. The category of person shows,

whether the situation involves the communicators or not. Through the category of mood the event is shown as real or unreal, desirable or obligatory.

Thus, the sentence presents a unity in its nominative and predicative aspects, denoting a certain event in its reference to reality. The distinguishing features of the sentence are predication, modality and communicative meaningfulness.

It is stated that the center of predication in a sentence of verbal type is a finite verb, which expresses essential predicative meanings by its categorial forms (categories of tense and mood). Some linguists though (V.V Vinogradov, M.Y.Bloch ) insist that predication is effected not only by the forms of the finite verb, but also by all the other forms and elements of the sentence, which help establish the connection between the named objects and reality. They are such means as intonation, word order, different functional words.

Due to their nominative meaning, both the sentence and the phrase enter the system of language by their syntactic patterns. The traditional linguistics considers four main types of syntactic patterns: predicative (subject + predicate), objective (verb +object), attributive (attribute + noun), adverbial (verb/adverb/adjective + adverbial modifier).