- •1. Introduction
- •1.1 Classification
- •1.2 References
- •2.2 Background
- •2.3 Definition
- •2.4 Aetiological spectrum
- •2.5 Acute uncomplicated cystitis in pre-menopausal, non-pregnant women
- •2.8 UtIs in pregnancy
- •2.9 UtIs in post-menopausal women
- •2.11 References
- •19. Roberts fj.
- •27. Sanford jp.
- •28. Kinane df, Blackwell cc, Brettle rp, Weir dm, Winstanley fp, Eltor ra.
- •32. Nicolle le, Harding gkm, Preiksaitis j, Ronald ar.
- •50. Wadland wc, Planten da.
- •60. Vorland lh, Carlson k, Aalen odd.
- •3.2 Background
- •3.3 Aetiology
- •3.4 Pathogenesis
- •3.5 Signs and symptoms
- •3.7 Schedule of investigation
- •If findings indicate pathology
- •3.9 References
- •21. Jantausch pa, Rifai n, Getson p, Akrem s, Majd m, Wiedermann bl.
- •32. Rushton hg, Majd m, Jantausch b, Wiedermann l, Belman ab.
- •43. Kleinman pk, Diamond ba, Karellas a, Spevak mr, Nimkin k, Belenguer p.
- •4.2 Background
- •4.3 What are the acute effects of a uti on the kidney and do the lesions become chronic? Can they be prevented?
- •4.7 References
- •5.2 Definitions and classification
- •5.4 Treatment
- •5.5 Conclusions
- •5.6 References
- •6.2 Background
- •6.3 Definition and clinical manifestation of sepsis syndrome in urology
- •6.4 Physiology and biochemical markers
- •6.5 Prevention
- •6.6 Treatment of underlying disease
- •6.7 Conclusion
- •6.8 References
- •7.7 Therapy
- •7.8 Prevention
- •8.2 Prostatitis
- •8.3 Epididymitis and orchitis
- •8.4 References
- •1. Meares em, Stamey та.
- •2. Weidner w, Schiefer hg, Krauss h, Jantos Ch, Friedrich hj, Altmannsberger m.
- •3. Schaeffer aj.
- •8. Alexander rb, Ponniah s, Hasday j, Hebel jr.
- •26. Barbalias ga, Nikiforidis g, Liatsikos en.
- •27. Mayersak js.
- •28. Jimenez Cruz jf, Boronat f, Gallego j.
- •33. Naber kg, Weidner w.
- •9. Peri-operative antibacterial prophylaxis in urology
- •9.1 Summary
- •9.2 Introduction
- •9.3 Goals of peri-operative antibacterial prophylaxis
- •9.4 Indications for peri-operative antibacterial prophylaxis
- •9.5 Timing and duration of peri-operative antibacterial prophylaxis
- •9.6 Choice of antibiotics
- •9.7 Mode of application
- •9.8 Recommendations according to type of urological intervention
- •9.10 References
- •1. Rubin rh, Shapiro ed, Andriol vt, Davies rj, Stamm we.
- •3. Naber kg.
- •3. Recommendations for peri-operative antibacterial prophylaxis in urology (modified according to ref 1)
- •4. Antibacterial agents
- •4.1 Penicillins
- •4.2 Parenteral cephalosporins
- •4.3 Oral cephalosporins
- •4.4 Monobactams
- •4.5 Carbapenems
- •4.6 Fluoroquinolones
- •4.7 Macrolides
- •4.8 Tetracyclines
- •4.9 Aminoglycosides
- •4.10 Glycopeptides
- •4.11 References
3.9 References
1. JodalU.
The natural history of bacteriuria in childhood. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1987; 1: 713-729.
2. Jacobson SH, Eklof O, Eriksson CG, Lins LE, Tidgren B, Winberg J.
Development of uraemia and hypertension after pyelonephritis in childhood. A 27-year follow up. BMJ 1989; 299: 703-706.
3. Lettgen B.
Harnwegsinfektionen in Kindesalter. Altes und Neues. Klin Padiatr 1993; 205: 325-331.
4. Feld LG, Greenfield SP, Ogra PL.
UTI in infants and children. Pediatr Rev 1990; 11: 71-77.
5. Shapiro ED.
Infections of the urinary tract. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1991; 11: 165-168.
6. Abrahamsson K, Hansson S, Jodal U, Lincoln K.
Staphylococcus saprophyticus UTIs in children. Eur J Pediatr 1993; 152: 69-71.
7. Watson AR.
UTI in early childhood. J Antimicrob Chemother 1994; 34: 53-60.
8. Craig JC, Knight JF, Sureshkuman P, Mantz E, Roy LP.
Effect of circumcision on incidence of UTI in preschool boys. J Pediatr 1996; 128: 23-27.
9. Wiswell ТЕ, Smith FR, Bass JW.
Decreased incidence of urinary tract infections in circumcised male infants. Pediatrics 1985; 75: 901-903.
10. Wiswell ТЕ, Hachey WE.
UTIs and the uncircumcised state: an update. Clin Pediatr 1993; 32: 130-134.
11. Fusell EN, Roberts JA.
Adherence of bacteria to human foreskins. J Urol 1988; 140: 997-1001.
12. Wan J, Kaplinsky R, Greenfield S.
Toilet habits of children evaluated for UTI. J Urol 1995; 154: 797-799.
13. Stork JE.
UTI in children. Adv Pediatr Infect Dis 1987; 2: 115-134.
14. Hoberman A, Wald ER.
UTIs in young febrile children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1997; 16:11-17.
15. Wettergren B, Jodal U, Noren L, Bjure J.
Spontaneous clearance of asymptomatic bacteriuria during the first year of life. Acta Paediatr Scand 1985; 74: 925-926.
16. StammWE.
Measurement of pyuria and its relationship to bacteriuria. Am J Med 1983; 75: 53-58.
Hoberman A, Chao HP, Keller DM, Hickey R, Davis HW, Ellis D. Prevalence of UTI in febrile infants. J Pediatr 1993; 123: 17-23.
Hoberman A, Wald ER, Reynolds EA, Penchansky L, Charron M.
Pyuria and bacteriuria in urine specimens obtained by catheter from young children with fever. J Pediatr 1994; 124: 513-519.
Piercey KR, Khoury AE, McLorie GA, Churchill BM. Diagnosis and management of UTIs. Curr Opin Urol 1993; 3: 25-29.
Landau D, Turner ME, Brennan J, Majd M.
The value of urinalysis in differentiating acute pyelonephritis from lower UTI in febrile infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1994; 13: 777-781.
21. Jantausch pa, Rifai n, Getson p, Akrem s, Majd m, Wiedermann bl.
Urinary N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase and beta-2-microglobulin in the diagnosis of UTI in febrile infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1994; 13: 294-299.
Benson M, Jodal U, Andreasson A, Karlsson A, Rydberg J, Svanborg C. Interleukin 6 response to UTI in childhood. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1994; 13: 612-616.
Kass EJ, Fink-Bennett D, Cacciarelli AA, Balon H, Pavlock S.
The sensitivity of renal scintigraphy and sonography in detecting nonobstructive acute pyelonephritis. J Urol 1992; 148: 606-608.
24. Tasker AD, Lindsell DRM, Moncrieff M.
Can ultrasound reliably detect renal scarring in children with UTI. Clin Radiol 1993; 47: 177-179.
25. Pickworth FE, Carlin JB, Ditchfield MR, de Campo MP, Cook DJ, Nolan T, Powell HR, Sloane R, Grimwood K.
Sonographic measurement of renal enlargement in children with acute pyelonephritis and time needed for resolution: implications for renal growth assessment. Am J Roentgenol 1995; 165: 405-408.
26. Kangarloo H, Gold RH, Fine RN, Diament RJ, Boechat Ml.
UTI in infants and children evaluated by ultrasound. Radiology 1985; 154: 367-373.
27. Kass EJ.
Imaging in acute pyelonephritis. Curr Opin Urol 1994; 4: 39-44.
28. Stutley JE, Gordon I.
Vesico-ureteric reflux in the damaged non-scarred kidney. Pediatr Nephrol 1992; 6: 25-29.
29. Britton KE.
Renal radionuclide studies. In: Textbook of Genitourinary Surgery. Whitfield HN, Hendry WF, Kirby RS, Duckett JW (eds). Oxford: Blackwell Science, 1998; 76-103.
Rosenberg AR, Rossleigh MA, Brydon MP, Bass SJ, Leighton DM, Farnsworth RH. Evaluation of acute UTI in children by dimercaptosuccinic acid scintigraphy: a prospective study. J Urol 1992; 148: 1746-1749.
Jakobsson B, Soderlundh S, Berg U.
Diagnostic significance of 99m Tc-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) scintigraphy in UTI. Arch Child Dis 1992; 67: 1338-1342.