From the History of London

1.In the year 55 before our era a Roman legion headed by Julius Cesar crossed the English Channel that divides the British Isles from the continent of Europe . Having landed in Britain the Romans founded a military station on the northern bank of the river Thames. Being skilled in the art of building they started fortifying their settlements with thick massive walls and laying roads across the country leading to the sea coast. After staying in Britain for two centuries the Romans returned to the continent having left behind excellent roads and strong fortifications. One of the Roman settlements was called Londinium Augusta. Four centuries later, according to some historians the capital of Britain was founded in its locality, part of the Roman wall still lying deep under the ground beneath modern London.

2.No other ancient monuments of Roman times have remained in the city. The earliest historical monument of English architecture is the so called Tower of London which has retained its name up to the present day. Being erected on the ruins of a Roman fortress; it consists of parts belonging to different periods of English history, its central and most ancient part being the huge square tower four storeys high. It was called the White Tower, deriving its name from the white stone it was built of.

3.Nine centuries have passed since its erection but time failed to destroy the enormous thickness of its walls or shake the solidity of its construction. In spite of constant alterations and repairs during the ages of its existence the tower has retained much of its former character and original appearance.

4.Looking at the Tower you feel its close connection to the historical past of England with its constant and cruel fighting for power. Since the time of its erection the Tower of London has served many purposes: first a king’s palace, then a fortress and a political prison. Now it is a museum.

Пояснения к тексту

1.the English Channel – Ла-Манш

2.the Tower of London – Лондонский Тауэр

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6. Перепишите следующие утверждения. Определите, какие из них соответствуют тексту, а какие нет. Напротив правильных предложений напишите “True” (Верно).

1.The Tower has changed a lot since the time of its erection.

2.The Tower was built nine centuries ago.

3. The Tower of London is a fortress.

4.The Tower is the only monument of Roman times that remained in the city.

Вариант 2

1..Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на сложные формы инфинитива.

1.He was glad to have been invited to the party. 2. Stone to be used for the erection of Egyptian pyramids was brought from faraway places. 3.Don’t phone him. He may be working.

2.Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, содержащие объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты.

1.The computer is said to be able to do computation in milliseconds. 2.I suppose him to be about 50. 3. The weather appears to be improving. 4. He wanted us to complete the work in time.

3.Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, содержащие зависимый и независимый причастные обороты.

1.Alloys having better properties for industrial purposes, metals are seldom used in their pure form. 2. Lake Baikal, known to be the deepest in the world is fed by 336 rivers. 3.Water is never absolutely pure in nature, the amount of impurities depending upon the locality.

4.Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, содержащие герундий и герундиальный оборот.

1.Coal, oil and gas are rapidly running out. (истощаются) because of their being utilized as fuels. 2.I worked at my report without being helped by anybody.

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5. Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Письменно переведите 3 абзац.

Water

1.Water exists as a substance in three states: ice, which melts at 0 degrees Celsius; liquid water and steam, the latter is formed when water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.

2.Water differs from other liquids in that it expands when cooled from 0⁰ Celsius, contracts when heated from 0⁰ to 4⁰ Celsius , and reaches its maximum density at 4⁰ Celsius. No other liquid possesses this property.

3.Water is a chemical compound of oxygen and hydrogen, the latter gas forming two thirds of its volume. It is the most abundant of all chemical compounds, five seventh of the earth’s surface being covered with water. As we know, water does not burn, on the contrary, it is generally used for putting out the fire. Therefore it seems remarkable that the two gases which it is composed of act in the opposite way: one of them – hydrogen – burns, the second – oxygen – makes things burn much faster than does air. Hydrogen is the lightest gas known, oxygen being slightly heavier than air. Now, although these two gases, when taken separately, can be compressed into a much smaller space by pressure, water is one of the most incompressible substances known, the properties of a compound being unlike the properties of the elements of which it is made. By means of hydraulic accumulators water can be subjected to a tremendous pressure without appreciably reducing its volume. But in spite of its resistance to compression, it has been calculated that at ocean depths water is compressed to such an extent that the average sea level is 35,6 meters lower than it would be if water were absolutely incompressible.

4.Water like air is never found quite pure in nature but contains various salts and minerals in solution. Salt water being heavier, some things will float in it which would sink in fresh water, hence it is easier to swim in salt water. When sea water freezes the salt separates from it, ice being quite pure.

Пояснения к тексту

1.the latter – последний (из упомянутых)

2.put out - тушить

6.Перепишите следующие утверждения. Определите, какие из них соответствуют тексту, а какие нет. Напротив правильных предложений напишите “True”(Верно).

1.Water can be found quite pure in nature.

2.It is easier to swim in salt water.

3.Oxygen is slightly heavier than hydrogen.

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4.If subjected to a tremendous pressure by hydraulic accumulators water appreciably reduces its volume.

Вариант 3

1.Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на сложные формы инфинитива.

1.The road surface to be repaired was destroyed many years ago by heavy vehicles. 2.Please be quieter, they seem to be working. 3. He wanted to be invited to the party.

2.Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, содержащие объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты.

1.Stone for the erection of the Egyptian pyramids is believed to have been brought from long distances. 2.We believe the stone for the Egyptian pyramids to have been brought from long distances. 3. Science has shown the electron to be peculiar combination of mass and electrical charge. 4.The electron is known to be a peculiar combination of mass and electrical charge.

3..Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, содержащие зависимый и независимый причастные обороты.

1.An engineer builds houses and cities, an architect planning their construction 2.Using prefab elements builders can put up a house in just 3 months. 3.The chemist mixing oxygen and hydrogen, water can be produced in the laboratory.

4.Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, содержащие герундий и герундиальный оборот.

1.We heard of the search for new sources of energy being started. 2.The material was destroyed by having been exposed to atmospheric changes.

5. Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Письменно переведите 1 абзац.