Exercise 7. Behaviour Guidline.

1. Your reputation ......... you.

a) Processes; b) precedes; c) protrudes; d) predicates.

2. Their vast efforts were ......... in the end.

a) Predilections; b) penchant; c) biased; d) thwarted.

3. The corporate disorganization was really only a ......... of the director's indecisiveness.

a) By-product; b) anti-progression; c) sensation; d) co-operative.

4. She strode ......... through the crowd.

a) Chaotic; b) hastily; c) confusion; d) bewilderment.

5. The condescending manner in which he addresses his employees is incredibly..........

a) Demonstrative; b) disclaiming; c) degrading; d) demoting.

6. If an employee's performance is not up to par and the same is either unable or unwilling to change, a ......... change may be necessary.

a) Personnel; b) personal; c) personified; d) person's.

7. No one can ......... liking her because she is so warm and pleasant.

a) Stand; b) anticipate; c) aid; d) help.

8. Engaging in gossip is a highly ......... act.

a) Distasteful; b) untasty; c) tasteless; d) bland.

9. All loitering is strictly prohibited on the ..........

a) Possessions; b) pertinence; c) promises; d) premises

10. We must start from 'ground .........'.

a) 3; b) 0; c) 100; d) 1.

Exercise 8. Corporate Social Responsibility.

1. As tales of labor abuse in developing countries by multinational companies have......... the headlines in developed countries, some of these companies have adopted voluntary corporate social responsibility codes.

a) Caused; b) forced; c) made; d) set.

2. These codes are ......... taken by companies over and above their legal obligations to treat the stakeholders of the firm ethically and in a responsible manner.

a) Initializations; b) initials; c) initiations; d) initiatives.

3. This is a move beyond the narrow view of pursuing only short-term profit-maximizing objectives to a broader view of greater social responsibility, but while these codes promote ......... work standards, they do not necessarily mean more jobs.

a) Decent; b) deceptive; c) decreased; d) drastic.

4. Companies are not implementing these new corporate social responsibility standards solely for ......... reasons, but rather there is a burgeoning market for standards in which companies will provide standards if consumer will pay more for this benefit.

a) Altricial; b) altruistic; c) ulterior; d) unrealistic.

5. But the demand curve for standards is kinked, with consumers not willing to pay......... much more for standards but would cause a huge adverse impact if a company allowed for major labor violations.

a) As; b) that; c) them; d) up.

6. The persistence of violations and consumers' desire for adequate labor conditions has led to the ......... of vigilantes and verifiers (organizations that check that companies are actually following their reforms, such as the Fair Labor Association and Social Accountability International).

a) Procession; b) production; c) profusion; d) proliferation.

7. For any effort by either the vigilantes or the verifiers to be successful, it needs to involve the workers in ......... since they are the ones who confront the conditions on a daily basis.

a) Depth; b) fact; c) question; d) situ.

8. The standards market has an inherent limitation, since it relies on consumers in developed countries to take action; it therefore limits the number of affected products, and since the worst ......... occur in the informal sector, there is much that corporate codes of conduct will be unable to change.

a) Abuses; b) constrictions; c) excuses; d) restrictions.

9. While voluntary corporate codes of conduct are a start, they are not enough to fully......... the problem.

a) Address; b) advance; c) ascend; d) assess.

10. National action (and perhaps legislation) can improve the ......... of corporate codes and monitoring, in areas such as transparency, consultations by auditors and monitors with local authority, and consistent enforcement of labor standards.

a) Inroads; b) outcomes; c) overviews; d) upgrades.

Module 4

Exercise 1. Communications Problems in Disasters.

1. One of the most consistent observations about disasters is that communication is inadequate; an in-depth 1986 study suggests that this is a ......... problem.

a) Contiguous; b) contingent; c) continuing; d) continuous.

2. One crucial type of information that needs to be shared is that related to a determination of the priority of needed disaster countermeasures and, therefore, resource ..........

a) Alleviating; b) allocation; c) relocation; d) restructuring.

3. Research on disasters suggests that many communications problems are 'people' problems, rather than equipment problems; communication equipment may be in short ........., but more often than not a physical means of communication is available.

a) Shrift; b) stock; c) substance; d) supply.

4. Examples of 'people' problems in communication include the '......... syndrome', or 'we're the only ones on this island'.

a) David Copperfield; b) Don Quixote; c) Huckleberry Finn; d) Robinson Crusoe.

5. Organizations are accustomed to operating ......... and fail to change this approach in disasters where multiple organizations are involved and are dependent on one another; each person gives priority to the information needs of his own organization rather than that of the overall response effort.

a) Alternately; b) alternatively; c) automatically; d) autonomously.

6. Terminology and procedures used to exchange information vary among different organizations; there is a hesitancy to depend on other organizations, often due to lack of trust or familiarity, or due to political, jurisdictional, and personal ..........

a) Disputes; b) distances; c) drives; d) druthers.

7. The importance of pre-disaster contact helps to explain a seemingly .........observation made in a number of disasters, that smaller communities with fewer resources tended to coordinate their disaster responses better than larger, more urban areas.

a) Paradoxical; b) partial; c) practical; d) pragmatic.

8. Unfortunately, the urgency of the disaster situation often ......... the time necessary to exchange preliminary information on-the-spot.

a) Precedes; b) precludes; c) predicts; d) prevents.

9. The result is that, unless preliminary contact has been addressed before the disaster, there is a ......... to depend on the activities of other organizations and a failure to coordinate and communicate with them.

a) Recalcitrance; b) reluctance; c) repulsion; d) resistance.

10. When one is dependent on other team members, particularly in life-.........situations, he needs to feel confident in their competence and reliability, and developing this level of trust often requires pre-incident contact over a period of time.

a) Challenging; b) constraining; c) terminating; d) threatening.

Exercise 2. External Communications.

1. The first discussion by the Executive Board of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), in July 1998, called for preserving and enhancing the IMF's credibility, including by providing more information to the public, extending the ......... of IMF communications, and engaging critics more effectively.

a) Arm; b) grasp; c) grip; d) reach.

2. A second Board discussion, in February 2000, considered plans to strengthen IMF external communications, including recommendations that they develop a strategy comprising a clearer message, ......... focus and improved coordination of the IMF's public output, and more proactive external communications.

a) Cluster; b) longer; c) nearer; d) sharper.

3. The IMF's external communications strategy has also been shaped by Board decisions to expand ......... by publishing staff country reports (when the country concerned agrees) and many other Board documents, and Public Information Notices, shortly after Board discussions.

a) Distribution; b) propaganda; c) publicity; d) transparency.

4. The Executive Directors took ......... of the progress achieved in recent years in increasing the IMF's openness and enhancing its responsiveness to outside views, including concerns and criticism.

a) Care; b) interest; c) pleasure; d) stock.

5. Directors felt that the current relatively high media ......... of the IMF offers a valuable opportunity to enhance the implementation of its external communications strategy.

a) Veracity; b) verisimilitude; c) visibility; d) vision.

6. They observed that, although the work of the IMF — based on its ......... to safeguard the macroeconomic and monetary foundations of economic growth — is vital to economic welfare and rising living standards worldwide, much of its work tends to attract controversy.

a) Allotment; b) behest; c) injunction; d) mandate.

7. This is not ......... because a prominent part of the IMF's job is to advise countries on how best to face economic reality in difficult circumstances, including when they need the IMF's financial support.

a) At all; b) least; c) more; d) really.

8. In this context, Directors considered that improving understanding of the IMF's work and respect for its competence, and enhancing the credibility of its policies, are key objectives of its communications — and ......... than increasing its popularity.

a) Even more; b) more; c) more so; d) what's more.

9. A continuing, concentrated effort to improve understanding of the institution will, over time, be valuable in increasing support for its work in member countries even if progress may seem ......... and modest.

a) Accidental; b) detrimental; c) incidental; d) incremental.

10. In a similar ........., Directors called for continued efforts to enhance the communication skills of all IMF staff, which will be important not only for improved interactions with the public, but also for enhancing the learning culture of the institution more broadly.

a) Avenue; b) channel; c) mood; d) vein.