Лексические соответствия

Те или иные слова и выражения могут выступать в качестве устойчивых переводных единиц, т.е. регулярно заменять друг друга при переводе. Такие устойчивые единицы называются соответствиями (или, иногда, эквивалентами).

Существует несколько типов лексических соответствий:

1. единичные

State Secretary – госсекретарь

TNC (Transnational Corporations) – ТНК (Транснациональные корпорации)

2. множественные

a government – правительство

government - система правления; управление; государство

power sharing – совместное правление; передача властных полномочий

3) окказиональные (для безэквивалентных слов)

а) соответствия-заимствования

primaries – «праймериз» (первичные выборы)

caucus – кокус (фракционное совещание; закрытое собрание одной из фракций парламента)

б) соответствия-кальки

pocket veto – карманное вето

brain drain – утечка мозгов

soft power - мягкая сила/власть/мощь

с) описания (раскрытие значений при помощи словосочетания)

landslide – победа на выборах большим числом голосов

whistle-stop speech – выступление кандидата в ходе предвыборной агитации

Практика перевода

Упр.1. Обратите внимание на множественность значений следующих слов и переведите предложения на русский.

A.	power –	the ability to control people and events [U];
		a country that has control over others, often because of wealth, importance or great military strength [C];
		an official or legal right to do sth. [U/C];
		strength or forcefulness (eg. military power)[U]

1. And although the overwhelming majority of legislation is drawn up by the government, it is parliament alone that has the power to pass, amend and even repeal them.

2. Office argued at the hearing that the government had acted within its powers and was not legally obliged to make the disclosures.

3. A generation of power stations based on old technologies are reaching the end of their life.

4. Article five has been invoked fully only once in the history of the alliance, and in all nearly twice. It was invoked in the aftermath of 9/11 as a response to an attack by a "foreign power" on US domestic sovereign territory.

5. Realist interpretations emphasizing economic and military power and constructivist interpretations emphasizing cultural identity to explain international politics are not necessarily mutually exclusive.

B.	government –	1. people in control of a country [C]; (a military, coalition government)
		2. the act of governing [U]

1. The president dissolved the assembly and swore in an interim government.

2. In the aftermath of the Great Depression free market policies have been widely rejected in the more advanced industrial countries, though within these countries there remains an active debate about the appropriate balance between government and markets.

3. The loss of a third senior official will cause the mayor of London to ponder just how long it will take him to learn the business of government.

C.	authority –	1. sb. with the power to give orders [C];
		2. power/right to give orders [U];
		3. a person with special knowledge [C]

1. The government is urging local authorities to spend less money.

2. Central government has extensive authority over regions.

3. The emergence of an interim governmental authority is clearly a high priority.

4. Meeting the academics whose authority in sociology seems unquestionable, I was told that my hypothesis was not so much premature as not entirely correct.

5. Neorealists believe anarchies are necessarily ‘self-help’ systems, in which both central

authority and collective security are absent.

Упр.2. Переведите на русский язык следующие обороты речи, используя приемы калькирования или описания.

A rogue state; the axis of evil; a kitchen cabinet; bipartisan solutions; a lame duck; the lame duck session of Congress; smoke-filled rooms; a hung parliament; the "vertical" proliferation of nuclear weapons; the "horizontal" proliferation of nuclear weapons; a hidden agenda; a smoking gun; high-profile negotiations; a low-profile company; an inward-looking policy; a think tank; an exit poll; pork barrel politics; an open door policy; a big stick policy.

Упр.3. Текст для письменного перевода.