Verbs normally followed by infinitive with to

Verbs marked * can also be followed by that + clause.

*agree *appear *arrange attempt ask choose dare *decide

*demand deserve *expect fail grow hasten *happen *hope

hurry *learn long manage neglect offer pay *plan

*pledge *pretend *promise refuse *resolve seek *seem struggle

*swear *threaten *vow want *wish

Appear, (so) happen and seem are only used impersonally with that + clause.

It appears that I've made a mistake.

It so happens that he is my brother!

It seems that Mary is going to win

Want, need

The need to have a service done can be described with need doing. Want has a similar meaning to need.

Your hair needs cutting.

The car wants cleaning.

Verbs followed by an object and to

Verbs marked * can also be followed by that + clause.

*advise, assist, beg, bribe, command, dare, employ, enable, encourage, instruct, invite, lead, *order, *persuade, select, send, *teach, *tell, train, urge, *warn

Dare can be used without to when there is no object. Compare:

They dared him to jump.

I didn't dare (to) say anything.

How dare you speak like that to me!

Verbs followed by infinitive without to

Help can be used with or without to.

I helped George (to) carry the bags.

Make, and expressions with make

They made me leave.

We shall have to make do.

In the passive, to is used.

I was made to leave.

Let and expressions with let

They didn't let me leave.

Let me go!

Verbs normally followed by –ing

Verbs marked * can also be followed by that + clause.

*appreciate avoid contemplate delay *deny detest dislike endure enjoy escape excuse

face *fancy finish involve *mention mind miss postpone practise *resent risk

*suggest it's no good/use feel like give up keep on leave off look forward to put off can't stand spend/waste time

Appreciate is often followed by possessive + -ing.

I appreciate your trying to help.

Involve has an impersonal subject.

Being an athlete involves regular training.

Exercises.

Exercise 1. Underline the word or phrase that is correct.

a) What do you mean to do/doing about the leaky pipes?

b) I never imagined the mountains to be/being so high!

c) Don't forget to wake me/waking me before you leave.

d) I regret to tell you/telling you that we cannot accept your offer.

e) Did you manage to find/finding the book you were looking for?

f) I tried taking/to take that medicine you gave me but I couldn't swallow it.

g) We have postponed to tell/telling anyone the news until after Christmas.

h) Have you considered to buy/buying a microwave oven?

i) Sorry I'm late, I had to stop to pick up/picking up the children from school,

j) Margaret was slow at school, but she went on to be/being Prime Minister.

Exercise 2. Complete the sentences by choosing the correct verb from the box, and putting it in the appropriate form.

a) It's too late to buy any food. We'll have to make do with what we've got.

b) I hardly… ask how much it cost!

c) Have you ever … taking a year off work?

d) I didn't like the town at first, but I …to love it eventually.

e) What do you … doing after this course has finished?

f) We are all …our holiday in Australia this year. It's going to be such an adventure.

g) Jim and I …to meet at 6.00 but he didn't turn up.

h) It …that we won't need to pay so much after all.

i) I can't wait for Saturday! I'm really …to see you!

j) I can't …getting up at 6.30 tomorrow morning! I'll catch a later train.

Exercise 3. Complete each sentence using the verb in brackets in an appropriate form.

a) Sorry, I meant (tell) I would be out, but I forgot.

b) That's all for now. I (hope) hear from you soon!

c) If I take the new job, it (mean) working a lot harder!

d) Are you still tired? Or do (feel) going out for a meal?

e) Jane is (say) the most outstanding player in the team.

Exercise 4.Complete the text by putting the verbs in brackets into the correct form, gerund or infinitive.

Yukie Hanue is considered by many (1) (be) the finest violinist of her generation - and she's still in her early twenties. When we visited her, in the music department of the University of New York, she was too busy practising (2) (talk), but she invited us (3) (have) a coffee with her in her mid-morning break. Astonishingly, she manages (4) (combine) her PhD at the university with international concerts and recitals, numerous public appearances and interviews. She evidently thrives on the workload, buzzing around the place with an industrious enthusiasm that leaves us all breathless. Her fame as a performer means (5) (make) regular appearances at high profile events. Last month, for example, she agreed (6) (appear) in a series of recitals organised by Coca-Cola. This involved (7) (travel) to far-flung places like Seoul, Oslo and Montevideo on successive days, a schedule which would have caused any normal person to wilt. T can't stand (8) (do) nothing,' she says. T happen (9) (have) a particular talent, and it would be wasteful not (10) (exploit) it to the full.' I encouraged her (11) (tell) me about her upbringing, but she was rather reticent to sing her own praises. I did, however, succeed in persuading her (12) (confess) to a secret desire. 'If I hadn't been a musician, I would have loved to train (13) (become) a martial arts expert,' she says. Certainly, she would have had the discipline, but I couldn't imagine someone so physically frail actually (14) (stand) there hitting someone. But it was an interesting revelation, and one that I was (15) (learn) more about during my day with her.

Exercise 5. Complete these sentences with your own ideas, using a to-infinitive, bare infinitive or –ing form. Think about whether or not you should include an object before the to-infinitive, bare infinitive or -ing form.

1 'I'm afraid Dr Sanders won't be free to see you for another hour.' 'That's okay, I don't mind...'

2 I wanted to borrow Jim's bike, but he refused...

3 If Steve doesn't work harder at school he risks...

4 Baker told the police that someone got into the car, put a gun to his head, and forced...

5 Peter kept on asking me to go out with him, and eventually I agreed...

6 The two companies have been discussing the merger for some weeks now, but a spokesperson has said that they hope...

7 When I took my shoes back to the shop, they said that they couldn't refund my money, but they offered...

8 I was always scared of dogs when I was a child, and even now I can't bear...

9 Paula wanted to see a film, but I told her I didn't feel like...

10 At first she said she was nowhere near the office at the time of the robbery, but later she admitted...

11 Suzanne has got a wonderful voice, but we couldn't persuade...

12 We had to complain to the children's mother when we discovered...

13 Frances says she handed the money to me last Monday, but I don't remember...

14 We were beginning to think we would never get out of the maze, but finally we managed...

Exercise 6. Complete these sentences with either a to-infinitive or an -ing form. Choose an appropriate verb. Sometimes more than one verb is possible.

admire check enioy introduce live notify put say buy smoke spend talk put race tell tear turn down

a Although it was hard at first, she came ...... working for the airline.

b As I walked through the gate, the dog came…. towards me.

с After working with her for so long, I came …her patience and efficiency.

d Yesterday, Tom was so late he came …downstairs, grabbed a cup of coffee and left.

a The children were shouting and screaming, but he went on …to Frank.

b We've tried to persuade her to stop, but she just goes on…

с Dr Harris welcomed the members of the committee and went on …the subject of the meeting,

d Then, in her letter, she goes on …that most of her family have been ill.

3 a I regret… you that the model you want is out of stock.

b We regret …you that your request for a tax refund has been rejected.

с Almost as soon as I had posted the letter, I regretted …the job.

d It cost me a fortune, but I don't regret …a year travelling around the world.

4 a Bill was very young when they left, and he could no longer remember … in the house.

b Did you remember …a newspaper on the way home?

с Remember… your answers before handing in your exam paper.

d I remember …the money in the top drawer, but it's not there now.

Exercise 7. Complete these sentences in any appropriate way using either the to-infinitive or the -ing form of the verb in brackets. If both forms are possible, give them both.

1 Passing the kitchen, he stopped … a large glass of water.

2 When the car broke down, she started...

3 Here's the money I owe you. I meant...

4 To lose weight, I'd advise you...

5 I found that my back stopped... when...

6 To help me get to sleep, I tried...

7 The orchestra was just beginning...

8 Please don't hesitate...

9 When he found that he couldn't walk, he began...

10 The handle came off when I tried...

11 You could see the doctor today but as you haven't got an appointment it would mean...

(drink) (push) (give) (cut out) (ache) (think) (play) (call) (shout) (lift) (wait)

Exercise 8. Consider which verb form is more likely and why.

1 I heard the baby cry / crying for most of the night.

2 I felt the snake bite / biting me and saw it slither off into the bushes.

3 When you came out of the station, did you notice the children play / playing musical instruments across the street?

4 I noticed her quickly slip / slipping the necklace inside her coat and leave the shop.

Grammar 2

Have/get smth. done

We use have... if it is clear that the person referred to in the subject of the sentence is not responsible for or has no control over what happens: • I had my appendix removed when I was six. • They had their car broken into again. However, in informal speech some people use get in sentences like this.

We use get... when we say that the person referred to in the subject of the sentence does something themselves, causes what happens, perhaps accidentally, or is to blame for it: • I'll get the house cleaned if you cook the dinner. (= I'll clean the house) • Sue got her fingers trapped in the bicycle chain. (= Sue trapped her fingers)

We prefer have if we want to focus on the result of the action rather than the action itself:

• I'll have the house cleaned by the time you get home.

• Sue had her fingers trapped in the bike chain for half an hour.

We use won't (or will not) have, not get, if we want to say that we won't allow something to happen to someone or something:

• I won't have him spoken to like that.

• I won't have my name dragged through the dirt by the press.

Exercises

Exercise 1. Complete these sentences using had/got + it + past participle as in 1. Select from the verbs below and use each word once only. In these sentences you can use either had or got.

delivered dry-cleaned framed mended photocopied put down rebuilt

redecorated serviced

1 Karen's car wasn't starting well and seemed to be using too much petrol so….

2 Peter bought a new bed, but couldn't fit it in his car so…

3 Our poor cat was old and very ill so…

4 In the storm the roof was blown off our shed and a wall fell down so…

5 Janet spilt coffee on her silk dress. It couldn't be washed by hand, so…

6 I needed a copy of my driving licence for my insurance company so…

7 When Bill's watch broke he decided he couldn't afford to buy a new one, so…

8 Our bedroom was in a mess, with the wallpaper and paint peeling off, so…

9 The poster Sue had brought back from Brazil was getting damaged so…

Exercise 2. Complete these sentences with the most likely form of have or get. Give possible alternatives.

1 Carl had food poisoning and had to …his stomach pumped.

2 She left the lights on overnight and in the morning couldn't… the car started.

3 We always… the car cleaned by the children who live next door.

4 When they… it explained to them again, the students could understand the point of the experiment.

5 I won't… my valuable time taken up with useless meetings!

6 We… the painting valued by an expert at over $20,000.

7 When he tried to tidy up his desk, he… all his papers mixed up.

8 I won't… Richard criticised like that when he's not here to defend himself.

Exercise 3. Here are some verbs commonly used in the pattern get/have something done. Do you know what they mean? Make sentences using them to illustrate the meaning.

get/have a prescription filled

get/have something fixed

get/have a job costed

get/have something overhauled

get/have your house done up

get/have your hair permed

Unit 9. Art.

9.1

Basic Vocabulary - see V1 p. 150

Additional Vocabulary

Ex. 2a to communicate a message, to cause a reaction in smb., to reflect society/life

Ex. 7a (tape) inspiring, to be into smth., to live up to smb.’s expectations, to be worth the effort

Exercise 1. Translate the following sentences, using active vocabulary.

1. Современное абстрактное искусство не может не вызывать противоречивых реакций у зрителей. 2. Многие ценители искусства хотят, чтобы искусство было не только вдохновляющим, но и отражало современное общество. 3. Подлинное искусство заставляет задуматься, оно вечно и реалистично, именно поэтому оно способно передавать обществу важные идеи. 4. Последняя выставка современных скульпторов не оправдала моих ожиданий, она не стоила ни потраченных на нее усилий, ни денег. 5. Революционные работы этого художника - настоящие шедевры, впечатляющие и вдохновляющие. 6. Поскольку я не очень увлекаюсь современным искусством, оно не вызывает во мне никаких реакций и не передает никаких идей. 7. Предварительный просмотр последних работ этого фотографа вызвал различные эмоциональные реакции у знатоков искусства: одни считают их революционными, а другие - крайне противоречивыми. 8. Те, кто увлекаются абстрактным искусством, глубоко верят в то, что оно отражает нашу жизнь и передает важные идеи.

9.2, 9.3

Basic Vocabulary - see V2 p.150

Additional Vocabulary

Text pp. 92-93 iconic (an iconic work of art)

Text p. 95 to be reminiscent of smth., to drop out

Exercise 2. Translate the following sentences, using active vocabulary.

1. Революционные работы этого художника давно стали культовыми, но их до сих пор жестко критикуют некоторые критики. 2. Совершенно неправильно предполагать, что искусство не должно передавать никаких идей. 3. Совершенно невероятно, что ты решил бросить институт, ты никогда не сможешь стать высококлассным специалистом. 4. Абсолютно невозможно, чтобы этот ужасный старинный английский замок являлся шедевром архитектуры. 5. Современное огромное впечатляющее здание роскошного отеля получило высокую оценку туристов. 6. Этот глубоко трогающий, согревающий сердце старый французский фильм считается культовым произведением искусства. 7. Захватывающие повороты сюжета и абсолютно неожиданный финал твоего последнего романа напоминают книги выдающихся английских старых авторов детективов. 8. Кажется совершенно невероятным, что в детстве я был так болезненно застенчив, что боялся разговаривать даже с бабушкиными подругами - старыми добрыми аристократичными леди. Сейчас я абсолютно другой человек. 9. Утверждение некоторых критиков, что Эйфелева башня, эта огромная металлическая современная конструкция, не может передавать атмосферу прекрасного старинного французского города, абсолютно неоправданно. Это культовый символ Парижа. 10. Совершенно бесполезно спорить об искусстве, потому что оно противоречиво: то, что одни высоко ценят и считают шедевром, другие жестко критикуют.

Grammar

Additional Explanations

Gradable and ungradable adjectives

Gradable adjectives can be used with adverbs such as very or extremely to say that a thing or person has more or less of a particular quality.

Ungradable adjectives themselves imply to a large degree and are seldom used with these adverbs. Instead, we can use adverbs such as absolutely or totally.

adverbs	adjectives
extremely, deeply, fairly, hugely, immensely, pretty (informal), rather, really, reasonably, slightly, very	angry, big, busy, comfortable, common, happy, important, quiet, rich, strong, young
absolutely, completely, entirely, pretty, really, simply, totally, utterly	amazed, awful, dreadful, furious, huge, impossible, invaluable, terrible, wonderful, useless

Our teacher gave us a completely impossible problem to solve.

She was extremely rich.

Notice that not all the adverbs given can go with all the adjectives given. For example, we wouldn't usually say 'completely essential'. Really and pretty can be used with both gradable and ungradable adjectives.

More on the position of adjectives

When we use more than one adjective before a noun, there is often a preferred order for these adjectives. However, this order is not fixed: opinion + size/physical quality/shape/age + colour + participle adjectives + origin + material + type + purpose + noun.

an old plastic container (= age + material + noun)

a hard red ball (= quality + colour + noun)

a frightening Korean mask (= opinion + origin + noun)

a round biscuit tin (= shape + purpose (for holding biscuits) + noun)

a small broken plate (= size + participle adjective + noun)

a useful digital alarm clock (= opinion + type + purpose + noun)

To help you to learn this order, it can be useful to remember that gradable adjectives (describing opinion, size, quality, shape, and age) usually precede ungradable adjectives (participle adjective and adjectives describing origin, material, type and purpose).

When two gradable adjectives come before the noun, we can put either a comma or and between them. Compare:

an attractive, big garden and an attractive and big garden

Two colour adjectives have and between them:

Sweden's yellow and blue flag (not ...yellow, blue flag)

Two ungradable adjectives have and between them if they are from the same class, but and is not used if they are from different classes. Compare:

financial and political conditions and improving financial conditions

Exercise 1. Are the underlined adjectives gradable or ungradable? Suggest an appropriate adverb to complete each sentence. Try to use a different adverb each time.

1 The play was … marvellous.

2 The answer is …simple.

3 His new flat is ….enormous.

4 He was …devastated by the news.

5 The instructions were …complicated.

6 I was …disappointed.

7 The answer was …absurd.

8 The questions were …hard.

9 Her books are …popular.

10 I was terrified by the film.

11 He's a(n) successful artist.

12 He's a(n) essential member of the team.

Exercise 2. Use an adverb + adjective in your response, as in 1. How would you feel if:

1 a friend said s/he had just won a million pounds?

2 your best friend told you s/he was emigrating to Australia?

3 someone broke a window in your house or flat?

4 a complete stranger told you that you were very beautiful/handsome?

5 you lost some airline tickets you had just bought?

Exercise 3. Put the adjectives in brackets in these sentences in the most appropriate order.

1 Mine's the car. (blue, Japanese, small)

2 I rent a(n) house. (furnished, large, old)

3 I've just bought a table.(beautiful, coffee, wooden)

4 Their forces soon overcame the invasion. (combined, military, powerful)

5 Have you seen this invention? (fantastic, German, new)

6 There was a rug on the floor. (soft, wonderful, woollen)

7 She gave me a box. (jewellery, metal, small, square)

Do the same for these. Write and between the adjectives if possible.

8 Cycling is a(n) activity, (outdoor, popular)

9 They live in houses, (mud, straw)

10 He was a doctor, (famous, medical)

11 There was an meeting, (important, urgent)

12 I've just finished a novel, (boring, depressing)

Unit 10. Psychology.

10.1

Basic Vocabulary - see V1 p. 152

Additional Vocabulary

Ex. 2 p.102 all adjectives + nouns formed from them (see WB)

Ex. 5 p.102 to come up with ideas, to communicate ideas to smb., a networker, to motivate smb. to action, interpersonal skills, a peacemaker, a mediator

Exercise 1. Translate the following sentences, using active vocabulary.

1. Властные, амбициозные люди часто ссорятся с другими членами команды. 2. Те, кому не хватает изобретательности, не способны предлагать новые идеи и побуждать команду к действию. 3. Я не только в хороших отношениях со всеми членами команды, но и часто выступаю в качестве посредника и мирю поссорившихся. (Write an inversion). 4. Что мне нравится в нашем лидере группы, так это его дипломатичность и объективность. 5. Моя подруга никак не может смириться с тем, что ее любимая группа распалась. 6. Мой брат отлично общается с людьми, он может поладить даже с очень властными и амбициозными личностями. 7. Как правило, энергичные и творческие люди обладают хорошими навыками межличностного общения. 8. Людям, которым трудно приняться за работу, не хватает сознательности. 9. Я никак не могу привыкнуть к тому, что она ведет себя так нерешительно и негибко. 10. Знающие, находчивые, практичные люди всегда получают высокую оценку в обществе.

10.2

Basic Vocabulary - see V2 p. 152

Additional Vocabulary

Ex. 2 p. 104 (text) a peer, to go against the grain, to look down on smb., to seek smb.’s approval, to bully/ a bully, to become a target for smb., low self-esteem

Exercise 2. Translate the following sentences, using active vocabulary.

1. Тинэйджеры, которые имеют низкую самооценку и ведут себя нерешительно, часто становятся мишенью для издевательств. 2. Чтобы ладить со сверстниками, многим молодым людям приходится поступать против своих желаний, что приводит к внутренним конфликтам. 3. Родители детей, на которых сверстники смотрят свысока, не могут обрести спокойствие духа. 4. Джек, который все время стремится к одобрению других, определенно имеет низкую самооценку. 5. Я не могу решить, что делать с моим братом, который слишком властный и смотрит на других свысока. 6. Должно быть, ты сошел с ума, если хочешь дружить с человеком, который издевается над другими. 7. Судьи не должны формировать предвзятых суждений, что позволяет им оставаться беспристрастными и объективными. 8. Я в нерешительности по поводу того, принимать ли мне работу, которая требует хороших навыков межличностного общения и дипломатичности. 9. Приходится мириться с тем фактом, что всегда будут люди, которые смотрят на других свысока и издеваются над теми, кто имеет низкую самооценку. 10. Мой отец, который никогда не идет против своих желаний, не стремится к одобрению своих действий другими людьми.

10.3

Basic Vocabulary - see V3 p.152

Additional Vocabulary

Ex. 3 p. 106 (text) to rise in popularity, an offender, a serial killer/ mass murderer, to hijack/ hijacking, a suicide bomber, a suspect/ to suspect smb. of smth., a place of residence, minute (adj.), a crime scene, a petty crime, to defy (authority).

Ex. 8 p.107 to serve a sentence

Exercise 3. Translate the following sentences, using active vocabulary.

1. Этот серийный убийца, сейчас отбывающий пожизненный срок, первоначально совершал только мелкие правонарушения. 2. Правонарушитель, подозреваемый в угоне самолета, едва сохранял спокойствие духа, когда зачитывался приговор. 3. Легко убеждаемые люди, ищущие одобрения других, часто попадают в террористические организации и становятся террористами-смертниками. 4. Мельчайшие детали места преступления, замеченные следователями, могут стать ключом к раскрытию преступления. 5. Детективы и криминальные истории получают огромный читательский отклик, становясь все более популярными и привлекая читательскую аудиторию по всему миру. 6. Не формируя предвзятых суждений, присяжный заседатель должен неустанно стремиться к тому, чтобы оставаться беспристрастным и объективным в оценке преступления. 7. Место жительства правонарушителя позволило следователям сделать вывод о том, что он один из многих местных жителей, подозреваемых в подобных преступлениях и не подчиняющихся властям. 8. Отбывая срок в тюрьме, правонарушитель решил не совершать даже мелких преступлений.

Grammar

Exercise 1. The following text contains many 'which's and 'that's. Underline the ten extra ones, which are grammatically wrong.

Having just spent three weeks of my life sitting on an uncomfortable saddle, pounding the roads of France, I am in no fit state that to do anything except sit and write, which suits me fine. For I have cycled some 1,500 kilometres, a figure which includes some extremely hilly routes, and frankly the thought of mounting a bicycle again which is not one that I can face for a good few days yet. The journey, which I undertook alone for most of the way, was all in the name of charity - Help the Aged, a cause which I support whenever that I can. Having organised my sponsorship, which I arrived in France armed only with a tiny map of the Tour de France route, which hastily removed from last month's 'Cycling World' magazine. My intention which was to try and follow the route that the professionals take, but after three days in which I pushed my body to extremes that it had never experienced before, that I rapidly abandoned this plan and returned to flatter ground. On the flat which I was able to keep to about 120 kilometres a day, which is respectable. I did have to rest my weary limbs at the weekends, though, which enabled me to recharge my batteries, by which I mean my bodily ones, not the ones that inside my bike lights. I am pleased to say, that after three tortuous weeks, which I ended up in Marseilles, but what pleased me all the more is that I managed to raise over £2,000 for Help the Aged.

Exercise 2. Complete each sentence with one suitable word.

a) Midway through the second half City scored their fourth goal, at …

point United gave up completely.

b) There is one person to … I owe more than I can say.

c) It was the kind of accident for … nobody was really to blame.

d) … leaves last should turn off the lights.

e) Mary was late yesterday, … was unusual for her.

f) At 6.00, … was an hour before the plane was due, thick fog descended.

g) I don't know … told you that, but they were wrong.

h) The first time I saw you was … you answered the door.

i) Mrs Brown was the first owner … dog won three prizes in the same show.

j) I've just spoken to Sally, … sends you her love.

Exercise 3. Make one sentence from the sentences given, beginning as shown. Make any other necessary changes. Omit any unnecessary relative pronouns.

a) We eventually caught a train. It was one that stops at every station.

The train …

b) Carol slammed the door behind her. Her father had given her a car as a

present. She drove off in it.

Slamming …

c) At the end of the street was a building. The street was crowded with

shoppers. Tom had not noticed the building before.

At the end of the street …

d) Some people have just moved in next door. They have the same surname as some other people. Those other people have just moved out.

The people who have just moved in next door …

e) I noticed that the door was open. I decided to go in. This turned out to be a mistake.

Noticing …

f) Everyone expects the Popular Party candidate, Flora Benstead, to win the election. She has announced that she will cut income tax by 10% if elected.

Flora Benstead, …

g) I listened to George patiently until he started insulting me. At that point, I told him a few home truths. He didn't like it.

I listened to George patiently until he started insulting me, …

h) Pauline asked me a question. I had no reply to it.

Pauline asked me …

i) He rushed out of the room. He was shouting at the top of his voice. This was typical.

Shouting …

Exercise 4. Correct the mistake in each sentence. Omit any unnecessary relative pronouns in your corrections.

a) To take my life in my hands, I walked to the very end of the high diving board.

b) I wasn’t sure what to address the letter to, so I put ‘The Manager’.

c) Most of the guests turned up two hours early, that took us by surprise.

d) Whoever that he spoke to last was probably the person who murdered him.

e) The book I bought for his birthday is one where I enjoyed very much myself.

f) There's a chance that I may be late, in that case I'll phone you.

g) Everyone admires her. She's the kind of person whose everyone looks up to.

h) No one knows who she is. She is the only member of the gang who the

identity remained a secret

Exercise 5. Most of the following sentences are punctuated incorrectly. Correct any that are wrong.

a) Many people think that Saturn is the biggest planet which is wrong.

b) That's the man, I used to live next door to.

c) I couldn't remember, which house I had to deliver the card to.

d) The coat she wore to the party, was similar to one I have at home.

e) Lynn is the only person in my circle of friends, who is married.

f) Whoever catches the ball, must come into the middle of the circle.

Exercise 6. Match the sentences in the most likely way, and write them as one sentence using an –ing clause (reduced relative clauses).

1 Some wooden beams hold up the roof.

2 Some teachers attended the meeting.

3 Some people were driving past.

4 A man was operating the equipment.

5 A girl is waiting for the bus.

6 Some steps lead down to the river.

a They waved to us.

b He was dressed in protective clothing.

c They decided to go on strike.

d They are dangerous.

e They have been damaged.

f She is Jack's daughter.

Example: 1. Some wooden beams holding up the roof have been damaged.

Exercise 7. Complete these sentences with the past participle form of an appropriate verb and one of these phrases (reduced relative clauses).

from the jeweller

on the label

to the players

on the motorway

to represent Britain

at today's meeting in the storm

1 The road repairs carried out on the motorway might delay traffic.

2 The decisions … will affect all of us.

3 The building … will have to be demolished.

4 Jack Sullivan was the man … in the 100 metres.

5 The warning… about their behaviour on the pitch was ignored.

6 All the rings and necklaces … have now been recovered.

7 The instructions … say it should only take a few minutes to cook.

Exercise 8. If possible, change the relative clause in these sentences to an -ing, past participle or being + past participle clause as appropriate. If it is not possible, write X after the sentence (reduced relative clauses).

1 The people who are being asked to take early retirement are all over the age of 60.

.. .people being asked to take...

2 The book that she wanted to borrow wasn't available in the library.

3 The eye hospital has recently obtained new equipment which will allow far more patients to

be treated.

4 The children who are being moved to another school all have learning difficulties.

5 The man who died in the accident came from Bulgaria.

6 An agreement has been signed to protect the forests which are being cut down all over the

world.

7 I ran through the crowd of people who were hurrying to get to work.

8 If you know of anyone who would like to buy Maggie's car, let me know.

9 The trees that were blown down in last night's storm have been moved off the road.

10 The woman who visited us last week has sent us a present.

Exercise 9. Use the information given to make one sentence beginning with the word or words shown. Give all possible relative pronouns, but if you can leave them out, put them in brackets. Make sure you put in commas where necessary.

1 Sheila Brown is giving a concert at Webley Hall. I have long admired her. Sheila Brown…

2 I picked up the paper. Richard had written his address on it. I...

3 My grandfather is the fittest person I know. His house is at the top of a steep hill.

My grandfather...

4 Gail led the way to the office. It had windows on three sides. The office...

5 The choir is touring Norway next month. Its members are all over 60. The choir...

6 She'd recently bought the motorbike. She took me for a ride on it. She took me...

7 The Earls of Euston were landowners in London. Euston Station is named after them.

The Earls of Euston...

8 He set about cleaning off the dirt. It was covering the floor and walls. He set about...

9 I went to stay with the Watson family. They were friends of my mother's. I went...

10 Sue saw Joseph off at the airport. Then she went back to work. Having...

11 Alderson wrote a number of books about British coal miners. He specialised in their history. Alderson wrote...

12 I put the papers on her desk and left. I didn't wish to disturb her. Not...

13 The agreement ended six months of negotiation. It was signed yesterday. The agreement...

Unit 11. Cultures.

11.1

Basic Vocabulary - see V1 p. 154

Additional Vocabulary

Ex. 3a p. 113 all words

Exercise 1. Translate the following sentences, using active vocabulary.

1. Составляющие культуры – это не только определенная территория, но и такие феномены, как обычаи, традиции и ценности. 2. Национальная кухня – важнейший элемент культуры, поскольку повседневная еда может совершенно отличаться в разных странах. 3. Правила поведения и этикета относятся к национальной культуре, поскольку они отражают иерархию социальных норм. 4. Культурное наследие России настолько богато, что многие культурные объекты входят в список мирового культурного наследия. 5. Исторические события и отражающие их памятные даты зачастую вызывают противоречивые реакции в гражданах страны. 6. Совершенно невероятно, что некоторые суеверия до сих пор чрезвычайно сильны в национальном сознании. 7. Секты обычно вызывают жесткую критику у людей, потому что они подрывают общественную мораль и разрушают традиционные ценности.

11.2, 11.3

Basic Vocabulary – V2 p. 154 + Nouns WB p.76, V3-V4 (WB p.79)

Exercise 2. Translate the following sentences, using active vocabulary.

1. Мой друг сказал, что чувствовал себя разочарованным и изолированным, когда переехал. 2. В послевоенный период возникли многие контркультуры, чьи ценности, обычаи и жизненные ритуалы совершенно отличались от традиционных субкультур. 3. Правонарушитель заявил, что его асоциальное поведение было вызвано непониманием, враждебностью и неадекватными реакциями местного сообщества. 4. Тот факт, что письмо было датировано задним числом, казался интригующим. 5. Преподаватель по истории объяснил нам, что многие традиции, обычаи и суеверия предшествуют (возникли раньше) XX веку. 6. Культурный шок нередко вызывает в беженцах враждебные реакции по отношению ко многим аспектам новой культуры, в том числе к правилам этикета, жизненным ритуалам и повседневной еде. 7. Столкнувшись с враждебностью в чужой стране и вернувшись на родину, многие иммигранты признавались, что переставали чувствовать себя разочарованными и изолированными, как только видели знакомую местность.

Grammar

More on Reporting Verbs

• Verbs followed by that + clause (with * can be followed by a person)

add admit agree announce argue believe claim complain

confirm consider decide deny doubt estimate expect* explain

feel hope imply insist mean mention object persuade

predict promise* reassure * reckon remark repeat reply report*

say state suggest suppose tell* think threaten warn*

• Verbs followed by person + to

advise forbid invite persuade remind warn tell ask instruct order

• Verbs followed by subjunctive or should

Most of these verbs can also be used in the other ways given.

As these verbs contain the sense that someone 'should do' something, should can follow them.

They suggested that she should apply again.

More formally, the subjunctive can be used instead of should. This is formed from the base of the verb (without third person V).

They suggested that she apply again.

Some other verbs of this type are:

advise (also: someone to do/against something)

agree (also: to do something, that + clause)

demand (also: to do something)

insist (also: on someone doing something)

prefer (also: someone to do something)

propose (also: doing something)

recommend (also: doing something)

request (also: someone to do something)

suggest (also: that + clause)

urge (also: someone to do something)

• Verbs which can be followed by that + clause containing would

All these verbs report statements containing will. These verbs can also be followed by 'to do something'.

I’ll leave at 8.00.

She decided to leave at 8.00.

She decided (that) she would leave at 8.00.

Others are: expect, hope, promise, threaten.

Exercise 1. Underline the correct word or phrase in each sentence.

a) The government spokesperson denied/refused that there was a crisis.

b) Jane said me/told me there was nothing the matter.

c) Peter persuaded me/insisted me to stay to dinner.

d) The director of studies advised me/suggested me to spend more time in the library.

e) Sheila explained me/warned me not to leave the heater on all night.

f) The chairperson mentioned us/reminded us that time was extremely short.

g) Bill answered them/replied them with a detailed description of his plans.

h) Michael and Sarah announced/reported that they were going to get married,

i) Paul accepted/expected that he had made a mistake, and apologised,

j) The manager confirmed/reassured that our room had been reserved.

Exercise 2. Rewrite each sentence in reported speech, using the verbs given in the appropriate verb form. Some may be negative.

a) 'I think I'll take the brown pair/ said the customer. (decide) (decide) + (will) (say) + (will)

b) 'Me? No, I didn't take Sue's calculator.' said Bob. (deny)

c) 'Don't forget to buy some milk, Andy,' said Clare. (remind) (say) + (should) (remind) + (need)

d) 'I'm sorry I couldn't come on Saturday,' said David. (say) + (could) (say) + (be able to) (apologise for)

e) 'Why don't you go back to Singapore, Brian?' I said. (ask) + (do) (suggest) + (should) (suggest)

f) 'Make sure you don't take the A20, Tim,' said Jack. (say) + (should) (warn)

Exercise 3. Underline the most suitable word to complete each sentence.

a) I thought Jim would say something about his new job. But he didn't mention/state/declare it.

b) Sorry, I wasn't being insulting. I simply offered/reassured/remarked that you seem to have put on rather a lot of weight recently.

c) The police requested/estimated/advised that the crowd was under 50,000, although the organisers of the march put it at nearer 100,000.

d) The children complained/threatened/persuaded that their parents were always checking up on them.

e) It has been objected/hoped/predicted that by the year 2050 some capital cities will be almost uninhabitable because of the effects of air pollution.

f) During the months before Smith's transfer from City, it had been rumoured/doubted/threatened that he and the manager had come to blows in the dressing-room, though this was denied by the club.

g) Brown forbade/recommended/claimed that the arresting officers had treated him roughly, and that one of them had punched him in the eye.

h) An army spokesman stressed that all troops patrolling the streets had been denied/ordered/announced to issue clear warnings before firing any shots.

i) Although he didn't say so directly, the Prime Minister told/ordered/suggested that an agreement between the two sides was within reach.

j) The witness suggested/insisted/gave her name and address to the court before the cross-examination began.

Exercise4. Complete the text with one word in each space.

The case of the break-in at a Cambridge home entered its third day today. The accused's defence was based on the fact that he (1) not have entered the house at 6.30. He claimed (2) have been playing football at the time, and stated that several witnesses could confirm this. At this point, the prosecution (3) him of changing his story, as he had previously stated that he had been at home at the (4) of the break-in. The defendant agreed that his memory (5) not in the best of shape, as he had been (6) from bouts of depression. The judge stepped in, reminding the defendant that he (7) taken an oath to tell the truth, and warning (8) of the severe consequences of lying in court. The defendant said that he had simply forgotten (9) the football match, and insisted (10) he was not changing his story.

Exercise 5. Using the information in the e-mail as a guide, complete each space in the letter with a verb. The first letters of the verbs have been given.

TO: Roberts.hifi.co.uk

FROM: [e-mail]

We are sorry that our computer ordering system went on the blink last week.

Don't worry, the system is now up and running again, but we think goods will arrive 2 or 3 days late. I'd guess the goods you've just ordered should arrive round about Thursday. Thanks a lot for telling us about the problem with the ZP200. You'll be pleased to know the problem's been put right now. Re the exhibition you're organising, it seems you want to return any goods you don't sell. We're certainly interested, yes, but could I ask for more details before I let you know. Finally, just to tell you, as of 1st May our warehouse is now open 24 hours a day!

Dear Mrs Henderson,

We would like to (1) a… for the failure of our computer ordering system last week. Please (2) b… reassured that the system is now fully functional again. It is (3) a… that the goods ordered will be delayed by two or three working days. The (4) e… arrival time for your latest order is Thursday.

We are grateful to you for (5) r… the defect in the ZP200 model. We are happy to (6) a… that the defect has now been remedied. You (7) m… the possibility of taking goods from us 'on sale or return' at an exhibition you are organising. We can certainly (8) c… our interest, but we would like to (9) r… further information before we commit ourselves to a decision.

Please be (10) a… that as of 1 May our warehouse is now open 24 hours a day.

Yours sincerely,

David Smith.

Unit 12. Technology.

12.1

Basic Vocabulary - see V1, V2 p.156

Additional Vocabulary

Ex. P. – household appliances, a cash machine, labour-saving devices, clever gadgets (also: smart gadgets), a breathing apparatus.

Exercise 1. Translate the following sentences, using active vocabulary.

1. На твоем месте я покупал бы только самые современные приборы, поскольку они удобные и долго служат. 2. Если бы ты вчера не нашел банкомат, мы бы сейчас были без наличных. 3. Если бы "умные" приборы и современные устройства заменили все устаревшую домашнюю технику, выполнение работы по дому занимало бы меньше времени. 4. Если бы дыхательный аппарат не был изобретен, дайвинг никогда бы не стал таким популярным. 5. Если бы современные "зеленые" технологии не были удобными для потребителей и не служили долго, люди до сих бы пользовались устаревшими приборами и устройствами. 6. Если бы не было банкоматов, нам бы не пришлось остерегаться беспринципных мошенников. 7. Если бы домашняя техника в прошлом веке была такая, как сейчас, домашние обязанности не были бы таким тяжким бременем. 8. Если бы современные экономящие труд устройства продавались по разумной цене, их производители получали бы гораздо большую выгоду. 9. Если бы ученые не совершили технологический прорыв, экономящие труд устройства и "умные" приборы не были бы такими долговечными и удобными для потребителей. 10. Если бы технические достижения прошлого века не проложили дорогу для самых современных технологий, многих "умных" приборов, экономящих труд устройств и домашней техники могло бы сейчас не существовать.

12.2, 12.3

Basic Vocabulary - see V3 p.156

Additional Vocabulary

Ex.3 p. 124 self-sufficiency, close-knit community

Exercise 2. Translate the following sentences, using active vocabulary.

1. Технофобам давно пора перестать относиться к современной технологиям с недоверием. 2. Если неравенство между большинством населения и маргинальными группами не будет ликвидировано, чувства вражды и изоляции будут сохраняться в обществе. 3. Хотел бы я, чтобы все неэффективные меры, принятые в результате плохого руководства, были отменены (start with I wish/If only). 4. Если бы не современные практичные экономящие труд устройства, было бы очень неудобно вести хозяйство. 5. Вчера ты вел себя так, как будто ты бесчувственный и эгоистичный. 6. Мой режим работы неудобный, хотел бы я иметь более гибкое расписание (I wish/if only). 7. Совету директоров пора положить конец неподобающему поведению некоторых менеджеров на работе. 8. Если бы не неточные прогнозы и плохое управление, мы бы не потеряли столько прибыли. 9. Хотелось бы мне, чтобы ты не проявлял свою враждебность и недоверие на переговорах (start with I'd rather). 10. Нам пора сменить свою устаревшую домашнюю технику на современную и износостойкую. 11. Если бы не самодостаточность нашего тесно сплоченного сообщества, мы бы чувствовали себя разочарованными и изолированными в этом враждебном мире. 12. Мотор у твоей машины никак не работает как следует. Хотел бы я, чтобы ты хоть раз послушал меня и отвез ее на ремонт (I wish). 13. Если бы современное компьютерное оборудование не было таким дорогим, больше людей могли бы позволить себе купить его. 14. Ты смотришь на него с таким недоверием и неприязнью, как будто он когда-то издевался над тобой, хотя он не такой бесчувственный, чтобы так поступать.

Grammar

Additional Explanations (Variations)

• If only

This adds emphasis to hypothetical situations. With past events it adds a sense of regret. The second part of the sentence is often left out.

If only I had enough time!

If only I hadn't drunk too much, this wouldn't have happened!

• Unless and other alternatives to if

Unless means only if not.

I'll go ahead and get the tickets unless you call me this afternoon.

(This means if you call me this afternoon, I won't get the tickets.)

This means if one situation depends on another, if can be replaced by as/so long as, provided or only if.

I'll do what you say provided the police are not informed.

Even if describes how something will happen whatever the condition.

Even if it rains, we'll still go for a picnic.

• Should

After if, this makes the possibility of an event seem unlikely.

If you should see Ann, could you ask her to call me?

(This implies that I do not expect you to see Ann.)

• Were to

This also makes an event seem more hypothetical.

If I were to ask you to marry me, what would you say?

• Happen to

This emphasises chance possibilities. It is often used with should.

If you happen to see Helen, could you ask her to call me?

If you should happen to be passing, drop in for a cup of tea.

• If it were not for/if it hadn 't been for/ but for

This describes how one event depends on another and must be followed by a noun form.

If it weren't for Jim, this company would be in a mess.

If it hadn't been for their goalkeeper, United would have lost.

But for your help, we would have been in trouble.

• Supposing, otherwise

Supposing or suppose can replace if, mainly in everyday speech.

Supposing you won the football pools, what would you do?

Otherwise means 'or if not'. It can go at the beginning or end of the sentence.

If you hadn't given us directions, we wouldn't have found the house.

Thanks for your directions to the house. We wouldn't have found it otherwise.

• It's time, it's high time

These are followed by past simple or continuous, though the time referred to is unreal.

It's time we left. It's high time I was going.

• Wish

Notice the past verb forms after wish. These are wishes where you want to change a present/future state.

I wish I had a motorbike. (I don't have one now.)

I wish you weren't leaving. (You are leaving.)

I wish I was going on holiday with you next week. (I am not going.)

Would after wish is used when the speaker wants somebody or something else to change.

I wish he would change his mind and marry Jane.

I wish it would stop raining.

The use with would is often used to describe an annoying habit.

I wish you wouldn't make such a mess.

As with present wishes, the verb form after wish is one stage further back in the past. These are wishes referring to a past event, which cannot be changed.

I wish I hadn't eaten so much.

This use of wish is common after if only to express regrets.

• I'd rather

I'd rather is followed by past verb forms in the same way as wishes about the present. It expresses preference about actions.

I'd rather you didn't smoke in here.

Both I'd rather and I'd sooner are used with normal verb forms when comparing nouns or phrases.

I'd rather be a sailor than a soldier, (present)

I'd rather have lived in Ancient Greece than Ancient Rome, (past)

• I'd prefer

I'd prefer can be used in the same way, but note that prefer in this type of sentence has an object it.

I'd prefer it if you didn't go.

However, I'd prefer is not followed by an unreal verb form in other situations.

I'd prefer tea to coffee.

I'd prefer you to go swimming (rather than go jogging).

• As if, as though

Real and unreal

The verb form here depends on whether the situation is true or unreal.

You look as if you're having second thoughts. (True. He is having second thoughts.)

He acts as if he were in charge. (Unreal. He isn't in charge.)

I feel as if an express train had hit me. (It didn't hit me.)

Note however, that the more colloquial like does not require this verb form change. Compare:

You look like you've just seen a ghost

You look as if you'd just seen a ghost.

Exercise 1. Put each verb in brackets into an appropriate verb form.

a) Now we're lost! If you (write down) Mary’s directions, this (not/happen).

b) Why don't we emigrate? If we (live) in Australia, at least the weather (be) better!

c) I'm afraid that Smith is a hardened criminal. If we (not/punish) him this time, he (only/commit) more crimes.

d) Thanks to Dr Jones, I'm still alive! If it (not/be) for her, I (be) dead for certain.

e) I'm sorry I can't lend you any money. You know that if I (have) it, I (lend) it to you.

f) Don't be afraid. If you (touch) the dog, it (not/bite).

g) In those days, if you (have) a job, you (be) lucky.

h) It's always the same! If I (decide) to leave the office early, my boss (call) me after I've left!

i) What a terrible thing to happen! Just think, if we (not/miss) the plane, we (kill) in the crash.

j) Did you enjoy your meal? If you (finish) eating, I (clear away) the plates.

Exercise 2. Decide whether each sentence is grammatically possible or not.

a) If you haven't received a letter yet, you haven't got the job.

b) If it isn't for David, we are missing the bus.

c) If it's raining, we go to the pub on the corner instead.

d) If you didn't lend us the money, we would have gone to the bank.

e) If you should happen to change your mind, drop me a line.

f) If it wasn't for the rain, we would have been home by now.

g) If you will drive so fast, no wonder the police keep stopping you.

h) If I knew you were coming, I would have met you at the airport.

i) But for you helped us, we would have taken much longer.

j) If Jack joins the team, I'm leaving.

Exercise 3. Finish the sentences by ticking the correct option (a-c).

1) If you'd told me you were coming

a) I can get some food in.

b) I'd have found us something to eat.

c) I made a lovely dish.

2) If you're too ill to come

a) I'll come over and see you.

b) I wouldn't have done all this for you.

c) I asked someone else.

3) If I'd known you weren't coming

a) I wouldn't be very upset.

b) I would like to know why.

c) I wouldn't have gone to so much trouble.

4) If you're not coming

a) perhaps you'd have the courtesy to tell me.

b) we'd never have met.

c) you'd be so lucky.

5) If only you'd come

a) I'll be the happiest girl alive.

b) I'd have had a lovely time.

c) I would look forward to it.

6) If you do decide to come

a) the party's always a success.

b) I won't be coming either.

c) let me know.

7) If you really don't want to come

a) I'll understand.

b) I can't be sure.

c) tell me tomorrow.

Exercise 4. Complete each sentence with a phrase containing the verb in brackets in anappropriate form.

b) If it (rain) I would have gone out for a walk.

c) If you'd told me it was a surprise party, I (say) anything to Uncle Dave!

d) Thanks for your help with the garden; I (do) otherwise.

e) If only Mick had come to the disco, then we (have) a great time!

f) (pay) the phone bill today, the phone will be cut off.

g) If I (had) your tools, I wouldn't have been able to fix the car.

h) Those wires look a bit dangerous; (touch) if I were you.

i) If (be) the goalkeeper's heroics, we would have lost the match.

a) If I were (say) loved you, what would you do?

Exercise 5. Complete each second sentence so that the meaning is similar to the first sentence.

a) I wish you were a bit tidier.

I wish you would

b) I wish you were more interested in your school work.

I wish you would

c) I wish I spoke more languages.

I wish I could

d) I wish I had enough money to buy a car.

I wish I could

e) I wish they had more chess books in the library.

I wish the library would

f) I wish there was some soap in the bathroom.

I wish the cleaners would

g) I just wish my partner was a bit more romantic!

I just wish my partner would

Exercise 6. Put each verb in brackets into an appropriate verb form.

a) I'd rather you (not/watch) television while I'm reading.

b) It's high time you (start) working seriously.

c) I wish I (spend) more time swimming last summer.

d) Helen is bossy. She acts as if she (own) the place.

e) I wish you (not/keep) coming late to class.

f) Suppose a complete stranger (leave) you a lot of money in their will!

g) I wish I (go) to your party after all.

h) I'd rather you (sit) next to Susan, please.

i) You are lucky going to Italy. I wish I (go) with you.