Text b.

The present state of building construction is complex. There is wide range of products and systems which are aimed primarily at groups of building types. We know about a great role of the design process for buildings. It draws upon research establishment that study material properties and performance, code officials Last ones adopt and enforce safety standards and design professionals who determine user's needs and design a building to meet thou needs. It proves that the design process for buildings is highly organized. The construction progress is also highly organized. It includes the manufacturers of building products and systems. On the building site craftsmen assemble themselves. A work of the craftsmen is employed and coordinated by contractors. There are also consultants who specialize in such aspects as construction management, quality control and insurance. We must mention about complexity and measure of mastery of natural forces, which can produce a widely varied built environment to serve the needs of society. In conclusion, modern building construction is a significant part of an industrial culture.

Exercise 9. Translate from English into Russian. Define the syntax functions of the underlined words.

1. The mortar used between bricks and stone is stretched by adding sand.

2. Since the mid-nine­teenth century, iron or steel rods have been placed in the formwork for modern con­crete.

3. Concrete must be con­tained in forms, or molds, until it has cured and dried.

4. Wooden structures are then destroyed once the concrete has cured sufficiently for the forms to be removed.

5. The solution devised by Byzan­tine architects was to place the dome over a square plan.

6. As with the Pantheon in Rome, the space enclosed is huge.

7. An excellent example of the use of pendentives is found in the church of Hagia Sophia.

8. The resulting form has a circular shape at the top while at the bottom it is a square.

Exercise 10. Translate the words:

тротуар, строительный раствор, песок, гравий, смешивать, содержать, образец, отвердевать, высушивать, опалубка.

Exercise 11. Note in the texts of this unit:

1. That-forms

2. Noun groups

3. Modal verbs

4. Participle II

5. ing-forms

Unit 7

Exercise 1.Translate the auxiliary words:

without, hence, that, despite(in spite of), one, such as, these, those, which, here, with, beneath, just, feet, meter.

Exercise 2. Words to be remembered:

prove – доказывать, оказываться

truss – ферма

timber – древесина

arrange – размещать

cell – ячейка

by virtue of – благодаря ч-л.

built-in – встроенный

distort – искажать

bend – сгибать

relatively – относительно

roof – крыша

cathedral – собор

rib – ребро

medieval – средневековый

identify – определять

member – часть, элемент

hold – зд. проводить

Exercise 3. Read and translate text A.