Glebovsky_Angl_yaz_ch2_09_1_1

7.Two rectangular pavilion blocks are parallel to each other, comprising 690 m2 of exhibition space in all.

8.Horizontal forces due to wind and traffic being strong, they are transmitted by three groups of bracing erected between the outer columns.

9.One should be careful when working with glass.

10.The construction was still being continued on some sites when the company began a new redevelopment (реконструкция) project.

Текст B

OFFICE BUILDING FOR AN INSURANCE COMPANY

IN BRUSSELS, BELGIUM

The building has a square podium block surmounted by an eight-storey superstructure in the shape of a symmetrical cross on plan. The four wings of the building extend from a central core and are supported on a substructure raised above the podium.

The four wings are supported over the reinforced concrete podium block by a substructure, which, under each of the four wings, comprises two longitudinal rows each consisting of three reinforced concrete columns extending down through the podium to the foundation. Each row of columns carries a longitudinal capping member comprising a pair of reinforced concrete girders, each 2.20 m deep and 1.25 m wide, spaced 1.44 m apart and joined together over each column. Built into these twin longitudinal concrete girders are ten pairs of transverse steel girders spaced at 3.50 m centres and comprising two welded channel sections spaced 300 mm apart. Each of these transverse girders supports an eight-storey rigid frame consisting of two external columns, arranged in front of the longitudinal faces of the wings, and two internal columns, all of which are rigidly interconnected at each upper floor by cross beams with spans of 8.05, 2.90 and 8.05 m. All these cross beams comprise twin channels U 300.

In the other direction, the rigid frames are linked by edge beams just behind the longitudinal facades and by floor beams between the internal columns. The cross beams of the frames in each storey carry an in-situ concrete floor slab.

Double glazing is fitted between mullions and transoms consisting of steel sections. The low spandrel walls and window heads are clad with bronzetinted glass, so that the overall effect from the exterior is of glazing extending

the full height of each storey. The edges of floors are faced with weathering steel sheet.

Notes:

capping member каптаж / обвязочный брус spandrel wall подоконная часть стены

Задания по тексту

1.Переведите текст.

2.Составьте план текста из 6–8 пунктов.

3.Пользуясь составленным Вами планом, кратко изложите содержание текста на английскомязыке.

Лексическое упражнение

Переведите на русский языкприведённые ниже словаисловосочетания. Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Дайте синонимы подчёркнутых слов и антонимы слов, выделенных курсивом.

be clad, behind, bronze-tinted, channel sections, cross (n.), facades, linked,

low, mullions, over, pair, shape, square podium, storey, superstructure, transom, twin girder, weathering steel.

Текст C

Joseph F. Brockette, Gary W. Stowe

DOME OVER ORLANDO

With municipal services that should have been under one roof situated in several buildings, Orlando clearly needed a new City Hall.

The new City Hall is now under construction. This $32.5 million structure is a nine-storey reinforced concrete tower, clad in granite-aggregate precast concrete panels and surmounted by a 120 ft diameter copper dome.

While the dome is the structure’s most important visual feature, the view at ground level will be impressive as well. The main entrance will be through

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the “Great Room”, a circular space 80 ft in diameter and 35 ft tall. Beneath the main tower is a basement added for structural rather than architectural reasons.

The soil at the City Hall site is quite dense, fine sand down to about 38 ft, with a mix of sand and clay of increasing hardness below. Ground water was about 12 ft below the surface.

We designed a system of 60 and 125 ton capacity precast concrete piles, with each pile group rigidly connected to individual columns by 5,000 psi reinforced concrete pile caps about 5 ft deep. The design required for the piles to be driven about 100 ft below ground.

The only shallow foundation feasible was a mat foundation. It was placed by Brasfield & Gorrie General Contractor, Inc., Orlando. To make the site ready, they dewatered the soil to a minimum of 30 ft below ground level for 2 weeks before excavation. After compacting the soil at the bottom of the excavation, they poured a thin concrete mat to provide a good surface for steel placement.

We designed the foundation for a maximum allowable gross bearing pressure of 5,000 psf. The mat had to be 4½ ft thick, with a concrete strength of 7,000 psi. Some 4,400 cu yd of concrete were placed in all, along with 290 tons of reinforcement. The mat was concreted in a single, 13-hour continuous pour without construction joints.

The attached low-rise section rests on individual spread footings. This part of the building was constructed after the tower was finished, in order to minimize differential settlements. A construction joint with dowels and reinforcement connects the two sections.

The typical floor plate in the tower is square, varying from 154 ft at the fourth floor to 148 ft 4 in at the ninth. The building perimeter steps inward at the third, fourth, sixth, eighth and ninth floors. From the fourth to the ninth, the interior framing for each floor is basically the same. However, the perimeter framing cantilevers outward on all four sides, with spans varying from 15 ft at the fourth floor to 12 ft 2 in at the ninth.

The framing scheme is a reinforced concrete joist system with posttensioned girders. By prestressing the girders, we were able to span longer distances. For wind resistance, wind beams spanning parallel to the joists and located on column grids serve as lateral-force-resisting beams and are posttensioned at the perimeter cantilevers.

We designed two adjacent bays north and south of the interior core for significantly higher loads. These areas measure 52 ft by 36 ft and can be used for heavier rooms.

Above the large space of the Great Room, a tower column rises seven floors to the domed roof. To transfer the load from the tower column, two perpendicular pairs of long-span, post-tensioned girders are supported on tall, slender columns.

The four long-span transfer girders work together to support the tower column. We designed each with the proper amount of prestress force and reinforcement for its part of the transferred load from the column. Because of the high level of prestress force required for the final service load, stage stressing was to be used.

Framing of City Hall’s 120 ft copper dome began in mid-October. The dome’s skin rests on structural steel trusses, supported by a centre circular steel frame with 12 columns bearing on a reinforced concrete frame. The frame rises 21 ft 8 in above roof level.Aperimeter circular steel frame with 12 columns bearing directly on the roof girders also supports the trusses.

Notes:

City Hall здание муниципалитета dewater v. осушать

dome n. купол

domed roof купольное покрытие

excavation n. земляные работы (при строительстве здания) granite n. гранит

gross bearing pressure совокупное опорное давление impressive adj. впечатляющий

make ready подготовить municipal adj. муниципальный view n. вид

visual adj. визуальный

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.Why does Orlando need a new City Hall?

2.What are the features of the new building?

3.What kind of soil is there on the site?

4.What types of foundation were used?

5.What preliminary (предварительная) work did the construction of the mat foundation require ?

6.How was mat foundation produced?

7.What are the characteristics of the low-rise section foundation?

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8.What does the building perimeter feature?

9.What is the framing scheme of the structure?

10.Why were the girders of the frame prestressed?

11.How is the load from the tower column transferred?

12.What is the structure of the dome?

Лексическое упражнение

В списке А даны некоторые слова и выражения, которыеиспользованы в тексте для домашнего чтения. Найдите их перевод в списке В.

А	B	А	B
adjacent	опираться	mat	возможный
aggregate	осадка	measure	высотное
			здание
amount	перпендикулярный	mix n.	глина
basically	плотный	perpendicular	грунт
bear	по существу	pile cap	дюбель
circular	прямо	placement	неделя
clay	свайная насадка	pour v.	заполнитель
compact v.	сетка	proper	иметь размеры
cu yd	смесь	scheme	количество
dense	соседний	settlement	круглый
directly	структура	skin	кубический ярд
dowel	твёрдость	slender	мат
feasible	тонкий	soil	мелкий
fine	увенчивать	surmount	надлежащий
grid	укладка	tower	оболочка
hardness	уплотнять	week	заливать

ТекстA

THE SEARS TOWER, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS, USA

Part I

This office block is important not for its extreme height but for the original and simple method by which it resists the huge wind loads on it. The building is 1450 ft (442 m) high, with 109 storeys above ground, and has a gross floor area of 4.4 million sq ft (408 760 sq m).

The building was designed to have maximum repetition of elements and building methods and this was a major factor in successfully achieving the required cost and speed of construction.

From street level up to level 50, the building is made up of nine 75 ft (22.86 m) square area modules which combine to form a larger square with sides having an overall dimension of 225 ft (68.58 m). Below, occupying a larger plan area than the office tower, are three basement floors formed inside 2 ft 6 in (750 mm) thick concrete walls in a nearly square shape; these walls support the basement floors and are braced by them. At level 50 the building is stepped back, two of the corner area modules being omitted. The other two corner area modules are omitted at level 66, leaving five area modules in a cruciform plan shape, and another three area modules – at level 90, leaving only two going to the full height. The framed tube of each module consists of deep built-up columns at 15 ft (4.57 m) centres welded to deep built-up beams at the floor to floor distances, typically 12 ft 10 in (3.91 m). Typical column and beam depths were 3 ft 3 in (1.00 m) and 3 ft 6 in (1.06 m) respectively. Major columns, those on grid line intersections, have flanges varying in area from 244in (60019 mm) at the top to 244in (600 sections at the bottom; beam flanges vary from 101 in (25025 mm) to 162.7 in (40069 mm). Two adjacent framed tubes share one set of beams and columns.

Two-level high belt trusses are provided on grid lines below levels 66 and 90, which are set-back levels; four-level belt trusses are provided below level 33 and at the very top of the building. The trusses serve to spread out the

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concentrations of gravity force that occur in members at set-back levels, to reduce the effect of differential column shortening under the wind and gravity loads and to increase the overall lateral stiffness of the building by some 15 %. The floor is made composite with the truss by shear studs. Every six floors the span direction of the trusses is altered by90 degrees to equalize loading on the columns.

Notes:

cruciform adj. крестообразный gravity force сила тяжести repetition n. повторение

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.Why is the office block important?

2.How was the required cost and speed of construction achieved?

3.How many area modules is the building made up of up to the level 50?

4.How does the number of the area modules change at the upper levels?

5.What does the basement structure feature?

6.What does the framed tube of each module consist of?

7.What are the two and four-level trusses used for?

8.Why is the span direction of the trusses altered every six floors?

Фонетическое задание

Найдите в тексте слова, транскрипция которых дана ниже, и переведите их на русский язык.

[]; [ []; [ []; []; []

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже словосочетания.

corner area modules, beam depths, grid line intersections, two-level high belt trusses, set-back levels, four-level belt trusses, differential column shortening, overall lateral stiffness, span direction, gross floor area.

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие слова и словосочетания на английский язык:

административное здание, ветровая нагрузка, добиться, иметь (совместно), делить, комплект, композитный, концентрация, нагрузка от собственного веса конструкций, огромный, очень большой, почти, пояс (балки), пропускать, противостоять, распределять, расстояние, скорость, скреплять, соединять, составная колонна, стоимость, требовать, уменьшать, элемент коробчатого сечения.

Упражнение 3. Заполните пропуски в тексте, используя слова из приведённого ниже списка:

composite action	offices
consists of	slab
core	storey
curtain	there is
distribute	wind

First International Building, Dallas, Texas, USA

This fifty-six (1)… office tower uses a simple and efficient form for resisting wind forces on high-rise buildings.

The central (2)… of the building contains the lifts and all services. Between the core and the outside, a clear 40 ft wide space is used for (3)…. The exterior skin is a double-glazed (4)… wall set in a grid of aluminium mullions and spandrels.

The building structure (5)… columns on the external wall at 25 ft centres with spandrel beams (ригельнаябалка) at a floor to floor height of 12 ft 6 in. Diagonal members are incorporated into the wall and intersect with the columns every four floors. (6)… a large horizontal bracing member connecting the two diagonals at these levels. Under gravity load the member acts as a tie, helping to (7)… the gravity load evenly between all the columns and the diagonals. This in turn means that the external columns can all be of a similar size. Under (8)… load the diagonal members are prevented from going into tension by the gravity load on them. Astub girder floor system is used in which the concrete (9)… and metal deck are separated from the bottom girder with stub pieces. The stubs have shear connectors on their top to ensure (10)… with the slab.

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Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.

1.A thick reinforced concrete raft foundation is used to distribute the column loads.

2.To increase its strength the building includes reinforced concrete columns.

3.This building took a total period of 20 months to complete.

4.The truss system is best suited to narrow shaped buildings which can accept cross walls.

5.To lead the rainwater back behind the columns instead of running down the face was the reason for sloping the frame back towards the building.

6.Ceilings to be built of 16 mm thick slabs with joints will be suspended from blocks.

7.To facilitate transport and to achieve rapid erection, the long block was divided into six units.

8.The trusses serve to spread out concentrations of gravity force.

Упражнение 2. Прочтите и переведите следующие сокращения:

1450 ft high; 4.4 million sq ft; 22.86 m; 2 ft 6 in; 750 mm thick; 3 ft 3 in; 244 in; 600100 mm; 408760 sq m; at 3.75 m centres; the 18th floor; 2000 mm in depth; 500 kg/m2; 16 % gradient; an area of 1600×100 m; 1480 lb; spanning 44.8 m; snow loads of 300 kg per sq metre.

Текст B

OFFICE BUILDING FOR MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT, BONN

Offices for members of the Bundestag are situated in a 30-storey building raised on pilotis.

There is a podium from the basement to the third storey. One longitudinal side of this low-rise building is set forward from the base of the high-rise block, while its other three sides are recessed beneath it.

The rectangular concrete core braces the building and supports the inner ends of the floor beams, which are spaced at 3.75 m centres and span from the core walls to the external columns, which are of 650650 mm square box

section. The core is not situated in the centre of the building and the span of the beams on the two narrower faces and on one of the longitudinal faces is 7.50 m. On the other longitudinal face the distance from the core to the external columns is 15.00 m, which is halved by an additional row of internal columns carrying longitudinal beams. Above the 18th floor of the building these internal columns have been moved 3.75 m inwards towards the core in order to obtain more depth for the halls. These columns are supported on a storey-height lattice girder in the 18th storey.

At third floor level every alternate external column is intercepted by, and supported on, a box girder 2000 mm in depth. The columns under this girder, spaced at 7.50 m centres, have a length of 13.20 m on three sides of the building, that is, where the podium building is recessed under the main high rise block.

The floor beams carry 12 cm thick precast concrete slabs spanning 3.75 m. For structural and fire protection reasons it was necessary to ensure continuity of the floor slabs. So the slabs were recessed at the top to have projecting reinforcement exposed at the supports. Additional reinforcement was introduced here and the joint completed with in-situ concrete.

Notes:

Bundestag Бундестаг continuity n. непрерывность half v. делить пополам

Задания по тексту

1.Переведите текст.

2.Составьте план текста из 6–8 пунктов.

3.Пользуясь составленным Вами планом, кратко изложите содержание текста на английскомязыке.

Лексическое упражнение

Переведите на русский языкприведённые ниже словаисловосочетания. Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Дайте синонимы подчёркнутых слов и антонимы слов, выделенных курсивом.

pilotis, low-rise building, high-rise block, recessed, rectangular, inwards, in order to, lattice girder, intercept, reason (n.), ensure, so (conj.), expose,

introduce, base, beneath.

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ТекстA

THE SEARS TOWER, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS, USA

Part II

Each column on the grid lines is supported by a caisson of about 7 to 10 ft (2.13 to 3.05 m) in diameter and 120 ft (36.58 m) length cored into rock. The tops of the caisson are tied together by a 5 ft (1.52 m) deep concrete mat which also serves to transfer a design horizontal wind force of 4500 tons (4080 tonnes) to a stratum of clay. For vertical transportation the building is divided into three zones, each 30 to 40 storeys high. Double deck lifts serve these “main” floors from which “local” lifts function, stopping at each floor in the zone The steelwork structure is clad with a black aluminium skin and has bronze-tinted glass.

Under wind loads, the structure works in a similar manner to a tube without openings cantilevering from ground level. The bundled tube system provides two internal web frames in each grid direction, in addition to those on the outside. The effect is to reduce shear lag on the flange frames, so there is a more uniform distribution of axial load among those columns on lines perpendicular to the wind force. An even distribution indicates good cantilever efficiency. The bundled tube system makes good use of the internal columns to increase the building’s stiffness. The wind sway is about 0.3 in (7.5 mm) per storey, the design wind pressure being 65 lb per sq ft (317 kg per sq m) at the top. The exterior columns were clad with 4 in (100 mm) of insulation and had gravity circulation of inside air around them in order that at a design temperature of –20 °F (–29 °C) outside, the column was within 7 °F(3.8 °C) of the inside temperature of 75° F (24 °C).

The steelwork was brought on to site as “tree” sub-assemblies consisting of a two-storey column and half-length beams on either side. The “trees” weigh 15 tons (13.84 tonnes) and are bolted together at beam mid-points, these connections being designed for shear only. The column connections above and below are welded and are mid-height between the floors.Almost all the welding necessary was done at the factory and this welding was extensively tested.

The bundled tube system is applied to very high buildings which can be split into tubes. The tubes may have different areas or shapes in plan. Of the completely regular ways of subdividing a plan shape into identical area modules, apart from the square, only hexagonal and triangular modules are possible.

Notes:

bundled tube system система пучка труб even adj. равномерный

flange frame каркас с фланцем hexagonal adj. гексагональный shear lag n. поперечная инерция sub-assembly n. монтажный блок

“tree” n. древовидная конструкция web frame решётчатый каркас sway n. колебание

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.How do the caissons and the concrete mat function?

2.How is vertical transportation within the building provided?

3.What was done to resist wind loads?

4.Why did the exterior columns have gravity circulation of inside air around them?

5.What form was the steelwork brought to site in?

6.What are the possible shapes of identical area modules?

Фонетическое задание

Найдите в тексте слова, транскрипция которых дана ниже, и переведите их на русский язык.

[]; [ []; [ []; []; []

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже словосочетания.

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design horizontal wind force, double deck lift, bronze-tinted glass, grid direction, bundled tube system, two-storey column, half-length beam, triangular module, beam mid-point, black aluminium skin.

Упражнение2. Переведитеследующиеслова исловосочетанияна английский язык:

кроме; применять; осевая нагрузка; свая-колонна; соединение; врезать, заглублять; распределение; делить; эффективность; активно; функционировать, действовать; гравитационнаяциркуляция; линиясетки; модули одинаковой площади; так же как; отверстие; одинаковый; сдвиг, срез; разделять; пласт, слой; проверять; передавать; равномерный; способ, образ действий.

Упражнение 3. Выберите толкование, которое соответствует строительномутерминувлевойколонке, ипереведитеегонарусскийязык.

Дайтеоднокоренныесловактерминам, помеченнымзвёздочкой(*).

A.FOOTING

B.MAT FOUNDATION*

C.MEMBER

D.REINFORCE

E.RETAINING WALL

F.ROCK

1.One of the separate elements of a structure.

2.A building in which columns are closely spaced around the perimeter of the building and interconnected by stiff spandrel beams to achieve stiffness against lateral loads.

3.A structure used to brace a vertical cut (выемка грунта), or a change in elevation of the ground surface.

4.Any material that can be reduced to individual particles by the actions of water and minimum shock.

5.A shallow, bearing-type foundation element consisting typically of concrete that is poured directly into an excavation (котлован).

6.A floor level beam in the face of a building, usually supporting the edges of the floor slabs.

G.SOIL

H.SPANDREL BEAM

I.STABILITY*

J.TUBE SYSTEM

7.To strengthen, usually by adding something.

8.Capability of a structure to develop force resistance as a property of its form, type of connections, methods of support, etc.

9.A very large bearing-type foundation. When the entire bottom of a building is constituted as a single element, it is also

called a raft foundation.

10.Any material that is generally not affected in its structural properties by a change in water content and that possesses considerable resistance to excavation (выемка грунта) or to separation into individual particles (частицы).

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на причастия.

1.The building is a 30-storey suspended structure.

2.The floor beams are supported at their inner ends in pockets formed in the concrete core.

3.When prestressed the girders can span longer distances.

4.The vertical forces are transmitted to the core through the special brackets provided.

5.Assembled from these relatively slender steel members, the system performs the load-bearing function.

6.When placed on permanent formwork, such as precast concrete units, insitu concrete with smaller tolerances is obtained.

7.Prefabricated floors are particularly feasible in order to reduce construction time.

8.The fire resistance of a floor required can be achieved in various ways.

Упражнение2. Определите, ккакойчастиречиотносятсяподчеркнутые слова.

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1.The two buildings house more than 16,000 office workers.

2.This house is important not for its extreme height but for the original technique of construction.

3.They designed the building to have maximum repetition of elements.

4.In spite of its vast size, only a limited number of design drawings were done.

5.The design of the floor was made composite with the truss by shear studs.

6.The building is made up of nine square area modules.

7.Building methods used helped to achieve the required cost and speed of construction.

8.The building consists of square units which combine to form a larger square.

Текст B

OFFICE BUILDING FOR INSURANCE COMPANY IN LONDON, ENGLAND

The building is a 30-storey suspended structure containing 26100 m2 of office space. The entrance hall extends through a height of two storeys.

In each storey, the floor beams are supported at their inner ends in pockets formed in the concrete core, while their outer ends are attached to steel hangers in the facades. At about mid-height and at the top of the building the hangers transmit their loads, from the twelve storeys below these levels to a cantilever frame built out from the core. Wind forces are also transmitted to the core, through the floor slabs.

The 13 cm thick lightweight concrete floor slabs are in composite construction with the floor beams, welded studs being used as shear connectors. The hangers are flat bars, 228 mm wide, increasing in thickness with height from 19 to 51 mm.

The hangers in the facades are suspended from edge girders, those parallel to the two longer sides of the core being plate girders, while those in the other direction being two-storey high lattice girders. From these edge girders the vertical forces exerted by the hangers are transmitted through diagonal ties and horizontal struts to the core of the building. The horizontal forces transmitted by the cantilever frames to each side of the core balance one another, the diagonal ties being interconnected by prestressed high-tensile steel ties

linking their upper points of attachment, while the struts transmit their thrust through the floor slabs within the core. The vertical forces from the ties are transmitted to the core through the special brackets provided. The bottom chords of the two-storey high lattice girders are of welded I-section, 1220 mm deep, with plate thicknesses up to 62 mm.

Notes:

cantilever frame каркас с консолями

Задания по тексту

1.Переведите текст.

2.Составьте план текста из 6–8 пунктов.

3.Пользуясь составленным Вами планом, кратко изложите содержание текста на английскомязыке.

Лексическое упражнение

Переведите на русский языкприведённые ниже словаисловосочетания. Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Дайте синонимы подчёркнутых слов и антонимы слов, выделенных курсивом.

at mid-height, bottom chord, bracket, cantilever frame, composite construction, exert, extend, flat bar, high-tensile steel tie, horizontal strut, lightweight concrete, pocket, point of attachment, shear connector, steel hanger, suspended structure, thrust, welded I-section, welded stud, within.

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ТекстA

SABAH FOUNDATION HEADQUARTERS,

KOTA KINABALU, SABAH, MALAYSIA

Suspended by umbrella trusses at two levels from a circular core, this building is 32-storey.

The floors are circular in plan, the office space surrounding a reinforced concrete core which consists of two connected circular walls, approximately 1 ft (300 mm) thick. Thirteen floors are hung off each of the two umbrella structures, each floor being supported at 24 points around its perimeter by hanging bars which reduce in size or number at each floor level going down. The floors are reinforced concrete slabs using 24 radial beams supported by the hanging bars at one end and the core at the other end. Each umbrella structure consists of 24 steel triangular trusses. The core is supported by a concrete raft 9 ft 3 in (2.82 m) deep and 68 ft (20.72 m) across resting on 232 steel piles. The building is clad in a reflective glass.

Half the floor load at each level is supported by the hanging bars, taken up to the umbrella and there transferred to ground down the core. With two umbrellas, instead of one, this load path is relatively short but still longer than in conventional column construction. All the wind loads, as well as the gravity loads, are taken by the core acting as a cantilever. Compared to a conventional arrangement, where outside columns taken to ground would be used instead of the hanging bars, the gravity load in the core of the hanging building is doubled and either the vertical prestress doubles or, if the wall thickness is doubled, the section modulus doubles.

After construction of the mat foundation, the slipforming of the 376 ft (115 m) high core walls started. The top umbrella was constructed at ground level and raised by twelve 150 ton (138 tonne) jacks placed at the top of the core. The 24 hanging bars were attached to the umbrella at one end and to the preassembled nineteenth floor, the lowest floor supported by the top umbrella at the other end. After being raised to the top, the umbrella was fixed in position and the construction of floors continued upwards from the nineteenth floor,

with traditional formwork. The procedure was repeated for the lower half of the building. Floors are built up to 13/4 in (44 mm) high at the perimeter to allow for elastic extension of the hanging bars and the shortening of the core, these two deformations being additive.

Notes:

elastic extension упругое удлинение hanging bar навесной стержень load path линия нагрузки

section modulus момент сопротивления сечения slipforming n. бетонирование в скользящей опалубке umbrella truss ферма в форме зонта

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.What are the floors of the building supported by?

2.What does the core bear on?

3.How does the loading in the umbrella structure differ (отличаться) from that in the conventional column construction?

4.What was the sequence of operations in the construction of the top umbrella?

5.Why are the floors built up to 44 mm high at the perimeter?

6.How is the building clad?

Фонетическое задание

Найдите в тексте слова, транскрипция которых дана ниже, и переведите их на русский язык.

[]; [ []; [ []; []; []

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова и словосочетания.

additive (adj.), concrete raft, floor load, hanging bar, mat foundation, preassembled floor, reflective glass, reinforced concrete core, umbrella structure, vertical prestress.

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Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие слова и словосочетания на английский язык:

учитывать; так же, как и; по сравнению с; общепринятая схема; деформация; удваивать; закреплятьвположении; опалубка; подвешивать; вместо; домкрат; нижняя половина; устанавливать; процесс; сравнительно; укорочение; пространство; стальная свая; всё же; подвесной; треугольная ферма; вверх.

Упражнение 3. Заполните пропуски в тексте, используя слова из приведённого ниже списка:

although	number
below	spacing
causes	sufficient
each other	that
is required	to cast

Steel Piles

Steel pipes and H-sections are widely used for piles, especially where great length or load capacity (1)… or where driving is difficult and requires excessive driving force. (2)… the piles are expensive their higher load capacity, and the relative ease of cutting or splicing (наращивание) them may be (3)… advantages for their use. As with timber piles of great length, their relative flexibility (4)… the problems of assuring straightness during driving.

Rusting above the ground water level can be a problem. One solution is

(5)… a concrete jacket (оболочка) around the steel pile down to a point (6)… the water level.

When placed in groups, piles are driven as close to (7)… as possible. The spacing allowable is related to the pile size and the driving technique. Ordinary (8)… is 2 ft 6 in. for small timber piles and 3 ft for most other piles of the size range used in building foundations. Pile layouts typically follow conventional patterns, based on the (9)… of piles in the group.

Pile caps function like column footings, and will generally be of a size close to (10)… of a column footing for the same total load with a relatively high soil pressure.

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите следующие словосочетания.

давлениегрунтовыхвод, ленточныйфундамент, уровеньтретьегоэтажа, балка перекрытия, стенацентральногоствола здания, система бетонных балок, периметр здания, толщина плиты, навесная стена, сооружение стоимостью 30 миллионовдолларов, плитныйфундамент, здание малой этажности, несущая способность, шов бетонирования.

Упражнение 2. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на глагол would.

1.At this scale many effects which would not be significant in a smaller span structure must be considered.

2.Engineers supposed that this building would be an interesting alternative to a series of trusses across the shorter dimension on plan.

3.Higher prestressing forces would have increased the size of the beam.

4.The simple cast-in-place slab floor system is used where there are irregular floor designs that would make it difficult to form similar precast units.

5.If it were decided to use a square footing, it would need to be larger, since it would also have to support part of the wall.

6.It is estimated that with laminated timber replaced by steelwork, which would normally be desirable, the weight of steelwork would amount to 35 kg per sq m.

Текст B

ADMINISTRATIVE BUILDING

FOR AN ALUMINIUM CONCERN IN SAN FRANCISCO, USA

The building is located in an earthquake zone, the horizontal seismic forces being much greater than the wind forces. To cope with them, the structure is provided with diagonal bracings, left externally exposed as characteristic features of the elevational treatment. In front of each façade there are lattice panels comprising continuous columns and two sets of diagonal members. This lattice system stiffens the building against lateral deflection. Additional stiffening of the building is provided by rigid frames in the central core which

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