#140_Разговорные_темы(I-II)
.pdfМинистерство образования и науки Российской Федерации
Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования
«Санкт-Петербургский государственный архитектурно-строительный университет»
Кафедра иностранных языков
Английский язык
ЗАДАНИЕ № 140
РАЗГОВОРНЫЕ ТЕМЫ
для студентов I-II курсов всех направлений подготовки
Санкт-Петербург
2013
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УДК 378.6:811.111: (076.6)
Рецензент ст.преподаватель В.А. Памфилова
Английский язык: Задание № 140 РАЗГОВОРНЫЕ ТЕМЫ для студентов I-II курсов всех направлений подготовки /Под ред. Л.Я. Лапшиной сост.: А.С. Глебовский, Л.Р. Данилова, М.А. Сарян, Н.Е. Дубовская, Л.Я. Лапшина, А.В. Потапчук; СПбГАСУ. - СПб., 2013. – 49 с.
Задание содержит экзаменационные разговорные темы, включенные в программу обучения по всем направлениям подготовки (специальностям) и ориентированы по семестрам.
Каждая тема включает сложные слова и выражения, необходимые для полного понимания темы и вопросы для закрепления усвоенного материала.
Разговорные темы составлены следующими преподавателями: Глебовский А.С. – направления подготовки С, СУЗС, СМ, ЗК Данилова Л.Р. – направления подготовки НТТС Сарян М.А. – направления подготовки ЭЭ, ТСБ, ТЭ, ПВ Дубовская Н.Е. – направления подготовки ЭТМК, ТТП
Потапчук А.В. – направления подготовки А, ДАС, РРАН, Гр, ПМ, ПМИ Лапшина Л.Я. – все направления подготовки
Санкт-Петербургский государственный архитектурно-строительный университет, 2013
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ВСЕ НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ ПОДГОТОВКИ (I семестр)
ABOUT MYSELF AND MY STUDY
My name is (…). I am … years old. I was born on (date), (month), (year) in (place of birth). I am interested in obtaining new skills, meeting people, travelling. I have many friends whose company I enjoy. I particularly enjoy the times when we get together for a walk and for a chat over a coffee. With the new social media tools we find time to stay in touch over the Internet and the phone.Visiting theatres, museums, exhibitions, concerts and places of entertainment is some of good times we have. When I am alone I like listening to music, reading or just relaxing in front of the TV. In fact, there are a lot of things I am fond of doing – going to the cinema, swimming, cycling, playing football and tennis, going to sport events. Life is never boring.
At school I started thinking of my future. My parents encouraged me to think of my future profession, which I would enjoy and realize the potential of my abilities. At school I was good at mathematics, physics and drawing. I really liked these subjects, so I decided to become an engineer/ architect/ economist/ computer programmer/. Nowadays qualified engineers/ architects/ economists/ computer programmers/ are in great demand all over the world and are among the best paid professionals. Broad-ranging skills and knowledge are highly valued.
Thus, after leaving secondary school, I entered St.-Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, which is the oldest higher educational establishment of its profile in Russia with a rich history and traditions. It is the biggest University in the North-Western Region and a leading higher education establishment in the field of education and research. The graduates of our university are always in demand in the labour market; they manifest a high-level of professionalism in construction industry and related fields in the new market economy. The University provides education for a great variety of professionals. My course lasts four years. I study civil engineering/ architecture/ economics/ computer programming/ logistics/ automobile maintenance/ housing/ industrial construction/ road construction/ road safety/ engineering ecological systems, etc.
The classes begin at nine. I live at home with my parents/ on my own/ in the hostel/ and it takes me … minutes (an hour) to get to the university. I usually have two lectures and a seminar a day. At the end of each term I must take many tests and four or five exams. I am determined
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to get good marks and this requires my full attention. My strategy is to attend all classes, take notes, revise the material at home, use some additional information from books and the Internet. In spite of the fact that I have to study hard I really enjoy being a student.
When I graduate from the university, I will get the Bachelor’s Degree* in civil engineering/ architecture/ economics/ computer programming/ logistics/ automobile maintenance/ housing/ industrial construction/ road construction/ road safety/ engineering ecological systems. That will enable me to start working in my chosen field, or I may go on studying for two more years and take professional educational courses for getting the Master's Degree*. This includes special disciplines and modules, which explain new achievements in science and technology. The courses are aimed at scientific creativity, practical and research work. As a Master's Degree holder, I will have the opportunity to continue my research, PhD* scientific degree which will certainly increase my competitiveness in the labour market and give me the possibility to get an interesting, well paid job in my future profession or perhaps to start my own business.
Notes:
*Bachelor’s Degree – академическая степень бакалавра (Диплом бакалавра при поступлении на работу даѐт право занять должность, для которой квалификационными требованиями предусмотрено высшее образование).
*Master's Degree – степень магистра (Маги́стр – академическая степень, приобретаемая студентом после окончания магистратуры. Магистрату́ра (в некоторых странах называется мастерат) – ступень высшего профессионального образования, следующая после бакалавриата, позволяющая углубить специализацию по определенному профессиональному направлению.
*PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) Degree – кандидат наук – учѐная степень первой ступени в Российской Федерации, согласно Международной стандартной классификации образования
(МСКО) ЮНЕСКО 2011, напр., PhD in Technical Sciences – кандидат технических наук, PhD (Doctor of Philosophy)
также соответствует степени доктора философии в западных странах.
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Vocabulary:
social media tools ['sPuSql 'mJdIq"t³ lz] – общедоступные средства
коммуникации
entertainment [entq'teInmqnt] n. – развлечение, досуг exhibition ["eksI'bISq] n. – выставка
encourage [In'kArIG] v. – способствовать, помогать value ['vxlj³ ] v. – ценить, оценивать
establishment [I'stxblISmqnt] n. – учреждение, заведение provide [prq'vaId] v. – обеспечивать, предоставлять competitiveness [kqm'petqtIvn¶s] n. – конкурентоспособность manifest ['mxnIfest] v. – служить доказательством
graduate from ['grxGueIt'frPm] v. – окончить высшее учебное заведение term [t´m] n. – зд. семестр
broad-ranging ['br² d'reInGIN] – обширный
in demand [dI'm±nd] – пользующийся спросом, востребованный module ['mPdj³ l] n. – модуль
holder ['hquldq] n. – обладатель
enable [I'neIbl] v. – позволять, давать возможность on my own [Pn maI'qun] – самостоятельно
Answer the following questions:
1.How old are you?
2.What are you interested in?
3.How do you like spending your free time?
4.What did your parents encourage you to do?
5.Why did you decide to become an engineer/ architect/ economist/ computer programmer?
6.Which educational establishment did you enter?
7.Why did you enter Saint Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering?
8.Why isn‟t it difficult for the graduate of the University to find a job?
9.Which speciality do you study?
10.What does the educational process include?
11.What will the Bachelor‟s Degree enable you to do?
12.What do professional educational courses for getting the Master's Degree include?
13.What opportunity will you have as a Master's Degree holder?
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14.What will increase your competitiveness and give you the possibility to get an interesting and well paid job?
С, ЗК, СУЗС, СМ (II семестр)
BUILDING MATERIALS
Before the construction process begins basic materials, such as wood, iron, and stone and manufactured products, such as plywood sheets, cast iron pipes, and concrete blocks, must all be determined. Combinations of materials are widely used, such as trusses consisting of glued laminated timber cast iron pipe with portland cement lining, members in combination with steel members, concrete beams reinforced with prestressed steel wire, or window and frame units containing glass, several kinds of metal, and plastic all in one assembly.
An assembly is either completely built at the factory (factory assembled) or partly produced at the factory and assembled on the site (site assembled). Some of the types of work that takes place on the site are also manufacturing processes. When concrete is mixed and placed or steel is cut and welded these processes are also called manufacturing.
The builder, like the designer must select, inspect, and test materials which are best suitable for his purpose from among those available.
The types of materials used in buildings have already become standardized. However, new materials are constantly being designed. For example, methods have been developed to make wood highly fire resistant. The development of steel allowed the construction of longer spans than had been possible when wood was the only available material. The development and proper use of new materials require good knowledge of their properties and characteristics.
Vocabulary:
assemble [q'sembql] v. – собирать, монтировать assembly [q'semblI] n. – узел, блок
cast iron pipe ['kRst"aIqn 'paIp] – чугунная труба frame [freIm] n. – каркас
inspect [ÁÍ'spekt] v. – проверять
lining ['laInIN] n. – облицовка, обшивка, обделка (термин подземных
сооружений)
plywood sheet ['plaIwVd "SJt] – лист фанеры
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truss [trµs] n. – ферма window ['wIndqV] n. – окно
Answer the following questions:
1.Which construction materials are called basic and manufactured ones?
2.What kinds of construction assemblies are there?
3.Where are the assemblies made?
4.What types of work on the site can be called manufacturing processes?
5.What must the builder do?
6.What are the examples of new developments in building materials?
С, ЗК, СУЗС, СМ (III)
SHEAR WALL AND FRAME SYSTEMS
In general the structural system used for medium-rise or high-rise buildings is a choice, in one form or another, between loadbearing wall systems, also known as shear wall systems, and frame systems. Frame and shear wall systems may be combined in the same building. A loadbearing wall is one used to carry gravity load but is known as a shear wall if it also transfers horizontal forces to ground.
Whatever structural system is used, it must be able to carry the vertical loads caused by gravity forces, and the horizontal loads caused by wind and earthquake forces. Earthquakes may cause additional vertical forces to act on the structure but damage is most likely to occur as a result of the horizontal forces on the building due to earthquakes. The horizontal forces are extremely important in the design of high rise buildings.
High rise buildings are those for which the scale effect of an increase in height has a significant influence on the structural design. In general this scale effect is connected with buildings above about twenty storeys in height for which the ratio of height to least horizontal dimension is greater than five. As buildings increase in height, more efficient ways of providing lateral stiffness are necessary to control horizontal movement and these can have a significant influence on the form.
Medium rise buildings may be said to include buildings which are lower than high-rise buildings but still more than about five storeys in height.
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Vocabulary:
efficient [I'fISqnt] a. – эффективный
medium-rise building ['mJdIqm raIz 'bIldIN] – здание средней этажности scale effect ['skeIl I"fekt] – влияние масштаба
whatever [wPt'evq] pron. – какой бы ни
Answer the following questions:
1.What is the structural system used for medium-rise or high-rise buildings?
2.What is the difference between a loadbearing wall and a shear wall?
3.What must a structural system be able to do?
4.Why are the horizontal forces important in the design of high rise buildings?
5.When do more efficient ways of providing lateral stiffness become necessary?
6.What buildings are said to be medium-rise ones?
Plans of buildings stabilised by shear walls, left, and by frames, right.
Plans of buildings with frames and shear walls
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С, ЗК, СУЗС, СМ (IV семестр)
BOULTON HOUSE, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND
This is a residential building containing bedrooms for students. The building structure consists of 18 precast concrete H-frames around the perimeter and 9 interior cast-in-place concrete columns, all supporting a heavy deep concrete slab at each floor level. The building foundations are piled, all precast columns being positioned in 2 ft deep pockets in ground beams sitting on the piles. There are precast concrete infill panels between but set behind the H-frames, and these panels overlap on the columns each side. Infill panels are also used at right angles to the H-frames, having the same height as the spandrel of the H-frames.
All infill panels on the east and west sides as well as corner panels and the large wall panels on the north and south sides incorporate insulation.
The ground floor is set back from the perimeter and enclosed by a cavity brick wall. Inside, the ground floor has a suspended ceiling below the slab soffit, the void containing services which then pass upwards through holes in the floor slabs.
Internal columns are mostly at about 11 ft centres; they are omitted at one place where the slab has to span about 22 ft. Each floor slab carries the loads at that level, including the partition walls between bedrooms. Horizontal forces are taken by frame action.
Precast elements were made in wooden forms using white aggregates and white cement. The spandrel of the H-frame has its top sloped back towards the building so that rainwater can be led back behind the columns.
Vocabulary:
infill panel ['InfIl "pxnl] – панель стенового заполнения spandrel ['spxndrql] n. – пазуха свода
incorporate [In'k² pqreIt] v. – включать
slab soffit ["slxb 'sPfIt] – нижняя поверхность плиты omit [qu'mIt] v. – пропускать , не включать
overlap ["quvq'lxp] v. – перекрывать, заходить один за другой towards [tq'w² dz] prep. – к, около, по отношению к
cavity brick wall ['kxvItI "brIk 'w² l] – cтена из пустотелого кирпича
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