- •1)The study of lang from : lexicology, phonetics, grammar
- •2)Basic units of language and speech
- •3)Parts of speech classification. Meaning, form, function
- •4)Notional words, modal words, form words, the interjection, words of affirmation and negation
- •3. Form-Words
- •5) The verb definition and its grammatical meaning
- •7) Finite, Non-finite verbs
- •8)The lexical(semantic) class: Terminative(non)
- •9)Lexico-syntactical clas. (notional), (semi-notional : link, modal, auxiliary, verbs-substitutes)
- •10) Syntactical clas. (subjective, objective, transitive, intransitive)
- •12)The category of person
- •13) The category of number
- •14) The category of tense. Six tense-aspect forms
- •15) The category of aspect. The continuous and the common aspect. Semantic view of this phenomenon. (Kennedy, Curma). Verbs which are not used in the continuous aspect (5 groups)
- •16) The category of correlation(Perfect Forms). The Perfect as a : tense, aspect category, as a way of expressing the category of « time relation»
- •17) The category of voice
- •18) The problem of other voices ( reflexive, reciprocal, middle)
- •19) The category of Mood. Definition. Ways of expressing modality. Conceptions of the mood systems
- •20)The Indicative Mood
- •21)The Imperative. Its morphological peculiarities. Non-recognition of the imperative mood. The problem of the «let us go» type
- •22)Oblique moods. Different points of view.
- •23) The Verbals. The double character of the infinitive, the gerund, participle
- •24)Secondary predication and predicative constructions with the verbals
- •25)The Noun. Definition, gram.Categories, kinds (proper, common)
- •26)The problem of Gender (generic notion)
- •27) The category of number
- •28) The category of case. Different approaces.
3)Parts of speech classification. Meaning, form, function
Classifications in general may be based either on one criterion (such classifications are called homogeneous), or on a combination of several criteria (such classifications are called heterogeneous). The traditional classification of parts of speech is heterogeneous; it is based on the combination of all the three criteria mentioned above: ‘meaning – form – function’.
1. By meaning we understand not an individual meaning of each separate word which is its lexical meaning but the meaning common to all the words of the given class and constituting the essence of this meaning.
In the noun, for example, taken as a class of words its generalized meaning is that of substantivity, in the verb as a part of speech its meaning is that of process or action. The adjective as a part of speech expresses names of qualities or properties and so on.
2. Form is considered to be the morphological characteristics of a type of words, i.e. grammatical categories which are typical of this or that part of speech. A grammatical category is a dialectical unity of generalized grammatical meaning and certain grammatical forms serving to express this meaning. The noun, for instance, possesses grammatical categories of case and number, plurality being expressed by the inflexion -es, e.g. box - boxes, map - maps. etc.
By a grammatical form we understand the formal linguistic means with the help of which this or that generalized grammatical meaning is expressed. Each grammatical category must be represented at least by two grammatical forms. There are no languages in which there is only one grammatical person or a grammatical case. It's necessary to take into consideration the fact that one and the same grammatical form of the word may express different grammatical categories, for example, the form takes expresses tense, mood, voice, aspect, number, and person.
At the same time it is impossible to have one and the same form for the expression of two cases or two numbers or two persons. In this case we always deal with the opposition of forms. In any opposition all the forms are divided into marked forms and non-marked forms.
Any part of speech is characterized either by a whole system of different grammatical categories (nouns, verbs, adjectives) or by absence of grammatical categories (prepositions, conjunctions, articles).
3. By function we mean the syntactical characteristics of this or that part of speech. These characteristics may be subdivided into two items:
1) the ability of a word to combine with other words of different types or of the same type and this ability is termed as a combinability of a word.
2) the function in which this or that part of speech may be found in a sentence.
The noun, for example, combines with other nouns (a girl's book), with verbs (the sun shines), with adjectives (a handsome boy), with prepositions and articles. As to the syntactical functions of a noun in a sentence it is those of a subject, a predicative, an object, an attribute, and some adverbial modifiers.
Traditionally, all parts of speech are subdivided on the upper level of classification into notional words and functional words. Notional words, which traditionally include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns and numerals, have complete nominative meanings, are in most cases changeable and fulfill self-dependent syntactic functions in the sentence. The noun, for example, as a part of speech, is traditionally characterized by 1) the categorial meaning of substance (“thingness”), 2) a specific set of word-building affixes, the grammatical categories of number, case and article determination, prepositional connections and modification by an adjective, and 3) the substantive functions of subject, object or predicative in the sentence. In the same way, all the other notional parts of speech are described. Functional words, which include conjunctions, prepositions, articles, interjections, particles, and modal words, have incomplete nominative value, are unchangeable and fulfill mediatory, constructional syntactic functions.